Term
| 64% it serves as a reservoir |
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Definition
| how much of your blood is in the venous cicrulation? |
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Term
| arteries, arterioles, veins |
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Definition
| which vessels have smooth muscle and therefore can vasodilate/vasoconstrict? |
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Term
|
Definition
| which vessels have elastic tissue and can therefore distend and allow for pressure changes? |
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Term
| hormones, paracrine agents, neurotransmitters, metabolic substances |
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Definition
| what does the smooth muscle around blood vessels respond to to control vasoconstriction and vasodilation? |
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Term
| tonic contraction (sympathetics) |
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Definition
| maintains tone in blood vessels |
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Term
|
Definition
| this vessel type can expand and hold blood. it is compliant due to elastic recoil which helps maintain a more consistent pressure |
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Term
|
Definition
| this vessel type has a lot of smooth muscle and surface area which can change blood flow to different tissues |
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Term
|
Definition
| this vessel type is just endothelial cells and allows 1 RBC to pass at a time (for exchange purposes) |
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Term
|
Definition
| this vessel has a large diameter, and serves as a reservoir for blood (expands cause it is elastic) |
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Term
|
Definition
| with decreased elasticity, what happens to pressure? |
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Term
| the difference between systole pressure and diastole pressure |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| friction and increased vessel compliance dampens the pressure |
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Definition
| as you get further from the heart pulse pressure decreases, why? |
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Term
| it is decreased (pulse pressure decreases as resistance decreases) |
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Definition
| in the pulmonary veins for example, there is relatively little resistance, what does the mean for the pulse pressure there? |
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|
Term
systemic: vena cava/right atrium
pulmonary: pulmonary veins, left atrium |
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Definition
| which vessels have the lowest pressure in the systemic circulation? in the pulmonary circulation? |
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|
Term
-stroke volume output
-vascular compliance |
|
Definition
| what determines pulse pressure? |
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|
Term
| increase in volume/increase in pressure |
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Definition
| give the formula for compliance |
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Term
|
Definition
| which is more compliant? veins or arteries? an old person's vessels or a young person's? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what helps make 1 way blood flow in veins? |
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Term
| leaky valves that cause backflow of blood, can result from being on your feet all day and blood pooling in the veins |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| force exerted by blood against the vessel wall |
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Term
diastolic P + 1/3(systolic P-diastolic P)
80 + 1/3(120-80) = 93 |
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Definition
| what is the equation for MABP? calculated it using systole of 120/ diastole of 80. |
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Term
|
Definition
| MABP is proportional to ____ * resistance of arteries/arterioles |
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Term
|
Definition
| what happens to MABP with age? |
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|
Term
| increase (MAP is proportional to CO * resistance) |
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Definition
| an increase in cardiac output with the same arteriole resistance will do what to MAP? |
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|
Term
| nucleus tractus solitarius in the medulla |
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Definition
receives most input from cardiac, baroreceptor, chemoreceptor afferent nerves
then coordinates and relays info to other parts of the medulla, hypothalmus, and cerebellum |
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|
Term
CO altered by changing HR
resistance changed by altering vessel diameter |
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Definition
| both sympathetics and parasympathetics alter cardiac output by changing ____ and alter resistance by changing ______ |
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Term
| high H+, high CO2, hypoxia |
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Definition
| what do chemoreceptors detect? |
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|
Term
aorta: vagus
carotid: glossopharyngeal |
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Definition
| the baroreceptors and chemoreceptors follow what nerve in the aorta, and what nerve in the carotid sinus? |
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|
Term
high pressure triggers more action potentials (change in I = firing frequency)
note: it is sensitive to a very slight change in pressure as shown by the steep slope on the graph |
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Definition
| baroreceptors fire more with high pressure or low pressure? |
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|
Term
nucleus of solitary tract
cardio inhibitory area(inhibit sympathetics)
vasomotor area |
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Definition
| when the baroceptor reflex is activated(sends afferents) three centers in the brain are activated to send efferents, what are they? |
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|
Term
| all decrease, which decreases blood pressure |
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Definition
| when the baroreceptor reflex is activated, what happens to CO, heart rate, and peripheral resistance? |
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Term
| chemoreceptors detects low O2, high CO2 and high H+, so it will fire and want to increase heart rate and blood pressure to get more O2 to the tissue (via sympathetics) |
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Definition
| when the chemoreceptor reflex is stimulated, what happens to heart rate and blood pressure, which division of the ANS is activated? |
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Term
| atrial stretching triggers a reflex to increase HR and contraction strength (to avoid blood backing up in atria and veins) |
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Definition
| what is the Bainbridge reflex? |
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|
Term
1) regulate plasma volume via the kidneys
2) renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
3) antidiuretic hormone ADH (vasopressin)
4) atrial natriuretic peptide
all respond to low BP except atrial natriuretic peptide |
|
Definition
| what are the methods of long term blood pressure regulation? which respond/are secreted due to low blood pressure? |
|
|
Term
activated by low BP(reduced renal afferent arteriole pressure)
reabsorbs salt and water to increase BP (increase osmotic pressure) |
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Definition
| how does the renin-angiotensin system become activated? what does it do? |
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|
Term
posterior petuitary makes this to promote water retention and increase blood pressure (respondes to low BP)
this is inhibited when you drink alcohol so you pee more frequently |
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Definition
| what is ADH secreted by? what does it do? when is it inhibited? |
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|
Term
stretch(high BP) activates it, it is released by the atria(and ventricle) when distended.
promotes salt and water excretion to decrease blood volume and decrease pressure |
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Definition
| what does atrial natriuretic respond to? how is it released? what does it do? |
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|
Term
| cardiovascular system (duh) |
|
Definition
| which has a faster response to blood pressure: cardiovascular system, or kidneys? |
|
|
Term
decreases
kidneys retain H2O to increase blood volume
sympathetics are activated & vasoconstrict (to increase TPR), increase HR, SV, CO
ultimately increase BP |
|
Definition
| what does dehydration or hemorrhage do to BP? how does the body respond? |
|
|
Term
1)blood volume (fluid intake vs loss)
2)cardiac output (HR and stroke volume)
3)resistance to blood flow (diameter of arterioles)
4)distribution of blood between arterial and venous vessels (diameter of the veins) |
|
Definition
| what 4 things regulate MABP? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| in laminar flow, what part has a higher velocity? |
|
|
Term
velocity * diameter * density / viscosity
higher the number tells you more likely turbulent flow (hear as murmurs) |
|
Definition
| what is the equation that determines reynolds number? what does reynold's number tell you? |
|
|
Term
| less! increased viscosity would decrease reynold's number -its in the denominator |
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Definition
| are you more or less likely to have turbulent flow with polycythemia? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how much volume(quantity) that passes a given point(in the circulation) in a given time |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| distance volume of blood will travel in time |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| flow rate/cross sectional area |
|
|
Term
aorta: 2.5 cm cubed area, 333m/s
capillaries: 2500 cm cubed, 0.3mm/s
more paths for the capillaries to travel so blood slows for gas exchange |
|
Definition
| what is the total cross sectional area and volume of the aorta? capillaries? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how is velocity related to cross sectional area? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| does systemic blood flow change? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| flow = CHANGE in pressure / resistance |
|
Definition
| what is Darcy's law/Ohm's law? |
|
|
Term
| change in pressure (you can have different absolute pressures but the same flow) |
|
Definition
| which drive pressure? change in pressure or absolute pressure? |
|
|
Term
the french resistence...
Poiseuille's law |
|
Definition
| what determines resistance? |
|
|
Term
Resistance = 8 * viscosity * length / pi * radius ^4
OR
flow = pi * change in pressure * radius ^4 /8 * viscosity * length |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
radius
(normally length of systemic circulation and viscosity are constant) |
|
Definition
| what is the biggest factor in changing resistence? |
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|
Term
| metabolic needs, paracrine agents, circulating hormones, sympathetic reflexes |
|
Definition
| what determines resistance in arterioles (radius)? |
|
|
Term
series:
flow is the same, resistance adds
parallel:
flow is determined by resistance
1/resistance = conductance
(less overall resistance, more conductance, more flow) |
|
Definition
| how are flow & resistance determined when vessels are in series? in parallel? |
|
|
Term
| flow increases (TOTAL FLOW is UNCHANGED) |
|
Definition
| if flow is decreased in an arteriole in parallel, what happens to the parallel arterioles? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what does total blood flow through all arterioles always equal? |
|
|
Term
| arterioles arranged in parallel (all arterioles receive blood from the aorta at the same time) |
|
Definition
| what allows variation in blood flow to individual tissue? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase in metabolic products induces vasodilation which increases blood flow |
|
|
Term
1) increased adenosine
2) increase CO2
3) acidosis (lactic acid or carbonic acid from CO2)
4) increase in K+ (Action potentials repolarization)
5) low PaO2 (<40mmHg)
6) phosphates (from ATP breakdown and createnine phosphate |
|
Definition
| list all the metabolic factors that cause local vasodilation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| as metabolic rate increases, what happens to blood flow? |
|
|
Term
shear stress in micorvascular causes endothelial cells to release NO and induce vasodilation
basically they dilate to decrease shear force |
|
Definition
| what is a paracrine mechanism to vasodilate that involves physical abrasion? |
|
|
Term
norepi/epi
angiotensin 2
vasopressin (ADH)
thromboxane |
|
Definition
| list the drugs that cause paracrine/hormonal control of blood flow (just the ones he circled) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes vasoconstriction and some vasodilation, released from the adrenal medulla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes vasoconstriction, released due to low blood flow or low BP, and causes the kidneys to retain fluid |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| causes vasoconstriction, secreted by posterior petuitary to reabsorb fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes vasoconstriction, released by platelets and smooth muscle (helps with hemostasis) |
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|
Term
| it knocks out sympathetic tone, which gets rid of tonic vasoconstriction |
|
Definition
| why does giving anasthetic cause a decreased blood pressure? |
|
|
Term
-systole and diastole (higher flow in diastole)
-local metabolism (very sensitive)
(adenosine, CO2, H+)
-neuronal control |
|
Definition
| what factors affect coronary circulation(blood flow?) |
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