Term
| Does epithelial damage result in regeneration or repair? |
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Definition
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Term
| DOes ECM damage result in regeneration or repair? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the ECM act as a scaffold? |
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Definition
| it helps provide a framework for cell migration, maintains correct polarity for reassembly, and participates in angiogenesis |
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Term
| What determines the "cell population" in an adult? |
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Definition
| rate of proliferation, degree of differentiation, and the rate of cell death |
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Term
| Name the phases of the cell cycle. |
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Definition
| G1 (presynthetic), S (synthesis), G2 (pre-mitotic), M (mitotic) (and then there is also G0) |
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Term
| What do you call tissue that is continuously dividing? |
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Definition
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Term
| Wht do you call tissue that is neither increasing in cell number or decreasing in cell number? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you call tissue that is non dividing? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some examples of quiescent or stable tissues? |
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Definition
| parenchymal cells like the liver and pancreas |
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Term
| Give examples of permanent tissue. |
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Definition
| neurons, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle |
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Term
| What are the checkpoints in the cell cycle? |
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Definition
| G1/S checkpoint monitors DNA integrity before replication. G2/M check point monitors DNA integrity after replication |
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Term
| What is retinoblastoma suceptibility protein? |
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Definition
| a protein that prevents cells from replicating by binding with and inactivating the transcription factor E2F |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein that facilitates apoptosis in cells with DNA damage that is too severe to repair. |
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Term
| T/F Growth factors promote cell survival, locomotion, contractility, differentiation, and angiogenesis. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is EGF? Which cells produce it? |
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Definition
| epidermal growth factor produced for wound healing by keratinocytes, macrophages, and inflammatory cells |
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Term
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Definition
| transforming growth factor alpha. It causes epithelial cell proliferation and malignant transformation |
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Term
| T/F EGF and TGF alpha use slightly different receptors. |
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Definition
| FALSE, they share a common receptor |
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Term
| HGF is also known as _________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fibroblasts, mesenchymal cells, and nonparenchymal liver cells |
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Term
| What is the purpose of HGF? |
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Definition
| in embryogenesis it promotes cell scattering, migration, and survival of hepatocytes. It also has a mitogenic effect on hepatocytes and most epithelial cells |
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Term
| The receptor of growth factor _________ is often over-expressed or mutated in human tumors. |
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Definition
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Term
| What does PDGF stand for? |
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Definition
| platelet derived growth factor |
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Term
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Definition
| macrophages, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and many tumor cells |
|
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Term
| Where is PDGF stored? What happens when it is released? |
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Definition
| platelet granules and is released upon platelet activation. PDGF causes migration and proliferation of fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and monocytes to areas of wound healing |
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Term
| What's the difference between vasculogenesis and angiogenesis? What growth factor causes them? |
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Definition
| vasculogenesis is blood vessel formation in early development. angiogenesis is growth on new blood vessels in adult. BOth are caused by vascular endothelial growth factor |
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Term
| Fibroblast growth factor consists of a family of about how many growth factors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does fibroblast growth factor aid in? |
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Definition
| wound healing, angiogenesis, hematopoiesis, development of muscle, lung maturation, and liver differntiation |
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Term
| TGF-beta stands for ________ and consists of a super-family of ___ members. |
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Definition
| transforming growth factor beta. 30 |
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Term
| Which growth factor inhibits growth form most epithelial cells by blocking the cell cycle and YET can promote invasion and metastasis in tumor growth? |
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Definition
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Term
| TGF-beta stimulates production of what proteins/molecules? |
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Definition
| collagen, fibronectin, and proteoglycans |
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Term
| TGF-beta can be involved in what disease processes? |
|
Definition
| hypertrophic scars, systemic sclerosis, marfan syndrome, fibrosis of lung, kidney, liver |
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Term
| What effect does TGF-beta have on the immune system? |
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Definition
| it has a strong anti-inflammtory effect but may enhance some immune functions |
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Term
| Name the five steps of repair by connective tissue. |
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Definition
| inflammation, angiogenesis, migration/proliferation of fibroblasts, scar formation, connective tissue remodeling |
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Term
| In what kinds of situations does pathologic angiogenesis occur? |
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Definition
| tumor growth, diabetic retinopathy, and chronic inflammation |
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Term
| What are the steps of angiogenesis from preexisting vessel? |
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Definition
| vasodilation, degradation of the basement membrane, migration, proliferation, and maturation of endothelial cells,recruitment of periendothelial cells |
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Term
| What do endothelial precursor cells come from? |
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Definition
| cells that originate in the bone marrow and enter circulation in high concentrations in ischemic conditions. |
|
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Term
| what do endothelial precursor cells do? |
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Definition
| responsible for re-endothelization of vascular implants, neovascularization of ischemic organs, neovascularizatio of cutaneous wounds and neovascularization of tumors |
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Term
| What is healing by first intention also called? |
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Definition
| healing by primary union (clean unifected surgical incision is sutured) |
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Term
| What are indications for healing by second intention or secondary union? |
|
Definition
| large defects with extensive loss of cells and tissue taht involves a more intense inflammatory response, abundant granulation tissue, extensive collagen deposition, substantial scar, and contraction |
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Term
| What are two purposes for forming a blood clot in a cutaneous wound? |
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Definition
| to stop bleeding and serve as a scaffold for migration |
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|
Term
| WHen do neutrophils arrive at a cutaneous wound? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| After a cutaneous wound, when do fibroblasts and endothelial cells start to proliferate? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is granulation tissue characterized by? |
|
Definition
| acute inflammation, neovascularization (leaky blood vessels), edema, fibroblasts |
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Term
| When do macrophages arrive on the scene after a cutaneous wound? What do they do? |
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Definition
| 48-96 hours. THey clear debris, promote angiogenesis, promote ECM deposition, and promote migration of fibroblasts |
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Term
| About how long after a cutaneous wound does it take for epithelial cells to form a thin epithelial line beneath the scab? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens at week 2 of cutaneous wound healing? |
|
Definition
| there is no longer any white cell infiltration or edema or increased vascularity. Instead there is blanchign, increased collagen, and regression of vascular channels |
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Term
| Describe granulation tissue (aka a scar) by the end of the first month after injury |
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Definition
| pale, avascular, nearly acellular, dense collagen with occasional fibroblasts. No inflammatory cells. Surface is covered by intact epithelium |
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Term
| WHat cells moderate wound contraction? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells do myofibroblasts come from? |
|
Definition
| tissue fibroblasts (via PDGF, TGF-beta, GFG-2, the secretory products of macrophages), fibrocytes (bone marrow precursors), and epithelial cells (via epithelial to mesenchymal transition |
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Term
| T/F granulation tissue is different from a mature scar. |
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Definition
| True, there are changes in the composition of the ECM when granulation tissue becomes a mature scar |
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Term
| What is the strength of a healed wound at 1 week? When does it plateau? |
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Definition
| 10% at one week and increases rapidly over 3-4 weeks. SLows at 3-4 months and plateaus at 70-80% |
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Term
| What systemic factors affect wound healing? |
|
Definition
| nutrition (vitamin C), metabolic status (diabetes), circulatory status (ischemia), and hormones (glucocorticoids) |
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Term
| What local factors affect wound healing? |
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Definition
| infection (most important), mechanical factors (separate edges), foreign bodies (fragments), and size, location, and type of wound |
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Term
| Keloids is another name for ______. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Desmoids are another name for ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Severe contraction is common after what types of injuries and on what parts of the body? |
|
Definition
| burns on the palms, soles, and thorax |
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Term
| What do you call excessive deposition of collagen in tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| often triggered by chronic inflammation. Its due to activation of macrophages that release PDGF, FGF, TGF-beta, TNF, IL-1, IL-4, IL-13 (causing fibroblast proliferation) and have decrese in proteinase activity |
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