• Organized by class
• Drug monographs (on lable & off label uses)

• Compare drugs by class
• Ingrediants on multivitamins
• Some Canadian drugs

• Dosing equivalents
• Treatment guidelines
• Quick monograph

• Package inserts
• Slow to update
• Manufacture contact info
• only approved usages

• No risk in 1st, 2nd, & 3rd trimester

• No risk in animals, no studies in women
• No risk in 2nd and 3rd trimester

• Animal risk, no human studies
• No animal/human studies

• Human fetal risk

• Animal or humans fetal abnormalities

• Hale
• Briggs

• Pediatric disease state, treatment, recomendation

• Pediatric treatment
• Johns Hopkins formulary
• "How to" guide

• Pediatric injections

• Specific for neonates
• Vitamins & formulas

• Compatibility of drug & solution (IV)
• Storage

• Injectable drug compatibility & stability
• Procedure for reconstitution

• Compatibility , stability glass vs plastic container
• No instructions, no dosing

• labeling, storage, stability of pediatric compounding
• No dosing info

• Pediatric compounding directions
• No dosing information

• Herbal gold standard
• Herbal drug monographs
• uses, dose, efficacy, safety, pregnancy/lactation

• Foreign drugs & US equivalents

• Product availability & cost

• Determine if generic can be substituted for brand
• Drug patent information

frames are grouped by characteristics

Sampling units randomly selected by frame

• Researcher purposely tries to match characteristics of sample with population
• Select equal proportion in sample as are in population

Absolute Risk

(AR)

Incidence of an event in the group

4/20 = 20%

Absolute risk reduction

ARR

The difference in absolute risk of an outcome likely to prevent a patient from experiencing harm or experiencing a beneficial outcome.

(AR of suspect) - (AR of alternative)

0.2-0.56 = 0.36

Absolute risk increase

(ARI)

Difference in absolute risk of an outcome likely to result in harm to a patient

(AR while taking suspect) - (AR while not taking)

o.2 - 0.56 = 0.36

Relative risk

(RR)

Risk of developing a disease relative to exposure

(4*90)/(50*20) = 0.36

Odds Ratio

(OR)

Estimate of risk

(cross multiply)

(4*40)/(50*16) = 0.2

Relative Risk Reduction

(RRR)

(Reduction)

1-RR

1-0.36 = 0.64

Relative Risk Increae

RRI

Increase

1-RR

1-0.36 = 0.64

Number Needed to treat

NNT

Number of patients needed before one is treated

(want small number)

1/ARR

1/.31 = 2.7

NNH

Number needed to harm

How mnay patients needed to be treated before one is harmed

(want big number)

1/ARI

1/.36 = 2.7