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| Healing America's "wounds" and rebuilding the devastated South. It was a huge task that involved the chance to extend the ideas of liberty, equality, and opportunity to African Americans. |
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| A lifelong Democrat who was nominated by Republicans to run for vice president in 1864. He announced his plan for reconstruction two months after taking office. |
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| A constitutional change ratified in 1865 abolishing slavery in the United States. |
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| A federal agency established in 1865, at the end of the Civil War, to help and protect the four million newly freed black Americans as they transitioned out of enslavement. |
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| During and after the Civil War, a number of the Republican Party who believed in and fought for the emancipation of slaves and, later, the equal rights of American blacks. |
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| A congressman who advocated a breakup of Southern plantations to give slaves "forty acres and a mule" in return for their years of unpaid labor. |
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| A piece of United States legislation that gave further rights to the freed slaves after the end of the Civil War. |
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| A constitutional change ratified in 1868 granting citizenship to all former slaves by declaring that anyone born in the United States is a citizen. It also extended to blacks the rights of due process by law and equal protection under the law. |
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| The process of charging a government official with an offense commited while in public. President Andrew Johnson was faced with impeachment after he violated the Tenure of Office Act by bringing the office into scandal. |
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| Laws enacted in 1855 and 1856 in the former Confederate states to restrict freedom and opportunities for African Americans. |
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| During Reconstruction, three amendments were added to the Constitution. The Thirteenth Amendment outlawed slavery, the Fourtheenth Amendment made former slaves citizens and the Fifteenth Amendment gave African American men the right to vote. In 1865, President JOhnson allowed the Southern states to reconstruct themselves. Most enacted black codes that severely restricted the rights of former slaves. |
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| The Republican candidate for president in 1868. He supported COngressional Reconstruction and promised to protect the rights of freedmen in the South. |
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| A constitutional change ratified in 1870 granting all male blacks the right to vote. |
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| A system of agriculture in which landowners rent plots of land to workers, who pay for the use of the land in cash, with a share of the crop raised, or both. |
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| Someone who is involved in a form of tenant farming in which the land owner provides a tenant not only with land but also with the money needed to purchase equipment and supplies and possibly also food, clothing, and supervision. |
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| A system of servitude in which debtors are forced to work for the person to whom they owe money until they pay off the debt. |
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| The forced seperation of races in public places. |
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| Congress took control of Reconstruction in 1867. Federal troops were sent to the SOuth to oversee the establishment of state governments that were more democratic. |
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| A name for southern whites who supported Reconstruction following the Civil War. |
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| The term Southerners gave to Northerners who moved to the South during the Reconstruction. |
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| Members of the Klu Klux Klan, established in 1866, a secret, white supremacist terrorist group that resisted Reconstruction by tormenting Black Americans, had to swear they were "opposed to negro equality, both social and political". |
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| Was a tax on voting used in the South during and after Reconstruction as a means of defying the 14th Amendment and denying civil rights to blacks. |
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| A disputed election won by Rutherford Hayes. |
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| An American politician, lawyer, military leader and the 19th President of the United States who was elected President by one electoral vote after the highly disputed election of 1876. Losing the popular vote to his opponent, Samuel Tilden, Hayes was the only president whose election was decided by a congressional commission. |
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| A difficult, sometimes impossible, test taken by negroes before they could vote. It was a way to guarantee they did not vote. |
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| Any of the laws legalizing racial segregation of black and whites that were enacted in Southern states beginning in the 1880's and enforced through the 1950's. |
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| Killing someone without approval by the law, often by hanging and by a mob of people. |
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| The 1896 Supreme Court case that established the controversial "separate but equal" doctrine by which segregation became legal as long as the facilities provided to blacks were equivalent to those provided to whites. |
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| The South's first biracial state governments established a public school system and outlawed racial segregation. But these governments were bitterly opposed by white terrorists like the Klu Klux Klan. Reconstruction ended as part of the Compromise of 1877. Once Democrats regained control of the state governments in the South, they passed Jim Crow laws that segregated blacks from whites in public life. In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that segregation was constitutional under the doctrine of "separate but equal". |
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