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Reading
Study for Final Exam
87
Education
Professional
11/29/2011

Additional Education Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Describe how Behaviorism is different from Cognitive Science
Definition
Behaviorism is passive in nature and encompasses isolated skills, decoding words mechanically and is rote in nature.

Cognitive science requires active learners where interaction is necessary. In cognitive science, students are constructing meaning.
Term
Explain scaffolding
Definition
Theory by Vygotsky. It is the I Do, We Do, You do strategy. It is based on the principle that students must learn a step above their knowledge base. If too high, the same or lower than their level, the student will not be engaged.
Term
To what does climate refer?
Definition
Climate refers to the learning environment. It should allow each student to feel accepted, safe and secure, feel confident, and understand the value of learning.
Term
Metacognition
Definition
Consciously aware of what you are doing. Thinking about thinking.
Term
What is the reading process?
Definition
Step 1: Pre-reading
Step 2: During reading
Step 3: Post-reading
Term
What is meant by "good readers are reflective"?
Definition
Good readers can make inferences, analyze, think, revise views, and extend and refine thoughts and ideas.
Term
Describe 3 activities that promote reflection?
Definition
1. Asking reflective questions
2. Have students write reflectively
3. Class or peer discussions
Term
What are the "Big Five" in reading?
Definition
1. Phonemic awareness
2. Phonics
3. Vocabulary
4. Fluency
5. Comprehension
Term
Explain the statement "you win on talent"
Definition
A good teacher can succeed without a reading program or pre-made learning materials, and conversely, a poor teacher can fail even with all the tools/programs available.
Term
Explain the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLBA) and Reading First.
Definition
The NCLBA began with the Johnson administration, but passed under George W. Bush. In theory, the desire for highly qualified teachers and adequate yearly progress was optimal. However, the implementation of the Act was less than desirable.
The Reading First Act was passed in Florida in response to the NCLBA to meet those standards and receive federal monies.
Term
Top-down theory
Definition
It is the whole language approach. Is the opposite of the bottom-up theory. It starts with sentences, then words, then sounds, etc.
Term
Bottom-up theory
Definition
It is the phonics approach. It starts small and builds up. It starts with a sound, then putting sounds together to make words, etc.
Term
Transitional theory
Definition
It is based on Rosenblatt. Meaning construction occurs among the reader, the text and social situation.
Term
Describe good reading instruction.
Definition
1. Explicit
2. Direct
3. Systematic
4. Includes writing
5. Includes Big 5
a. phonics
b. vocabulary
c. phonemic awareness
d. fluency
e. comprehension
6. literacy study
Term
Explain Chall's stages of reading development.
Definition
6 Stages

1. Pre-reading: pre-alphabet (PreK-K)
2. Initial reading / alphabetic decoding (K-2)
3. Confirmation / fluency (2-3)
4. Reading to learn (4-8)
5. Multiple points of view (9-12)
6. Construction reconstruction (12+)
Term
What are some signs of dyslexia?
Definition
1. Late learning to talk
2. Inconsistent memory of words
3. Mispronunciation
4. Poor letter-sound recall
5. Slow to learn alphabet
6. Reads too slowly
7. Word by word
8. Misreads same word
9. Spells phonetically
Term
What is phonemic awareness?
Definition
The ability to think and work with sounds. It is manipulating sounds, understanding that words are made of sounds and all activities are verbal (all can be done in the dark).
Term
Phoneme isolation
Definition
Recognizing individual sounds in a word.
What sounds does the "c" in cat make?
Term
Phoneme identification
Definition
Recognizing the same sounds in different words.
Which sound is the same in box, bug and bat?
Term
Phoneme substitution
Definition
The changing of one sound to another to create a new word.
If you change the b in bat to a c, what word does that make?
Term
Phoneme categorization
Definition
The word that has the odd sound
Ex: cat, car, bus
Term
Liquids
Definition
Speech sounds /l/ and /r/ that have vowel-like qualities and no easily definable point of articulation.
Ex: Elmer Fudd speech
Term
Glides
Definition
Consonants always followed by a vowel that literally glide together.
Ex: well, yell, help, yelp, whelp
Term
Diphthong
Definition
A vowel sound that glides in the middle, giving the impression that the vowel has 2 parts.
Ex: boy, shout
Term
Phoneme addition
Definition
Creates a new word by adding a sound. Add /s/ to the beginning of "park" to get "spark"
Term
Describe the best way to teach phonemic awareness.
Definition
1. Lessons should be brief (between 5-10 minutes).
2. They should be done orally.
3. There should be 2-3 activities per lesson and should be done in a model/lead, observe fashion.
4. Students should receive immediate feedback.
Term
Why must dialect be considered when teaching phonemic awareness?
Definition
Because language and culture are very personal issues and you don't want to isolate a student and then have them shutdown and be unwilling to learn from you.
Term
Explain the 3 ways to divide a word.
Definition
1. Syllabes
2. Phonemes
3. Onset-rime
Term
Why is phonemic awareness important?
Definition
Because it predicts reading development and students need to know sound to write symbol.
Term
What is phonics?
Definition
Phonics are rules or generalizations of what conditions will make certain sounds. It is teaching letter-sound correspondence and focuses on linking sounds to letters.
Term
Describe the 5 instructional approaches for teaching phonics.
Definition
1. Analogy uses known words to teach unknown words.
2. Analytical shows groups of words to see what they have in common. (pet, push, pin, put, pen)
3. Embedded is the top-down approach and starts with the story, then students discuss and repeat sounds.
4. Systematic synthetic phonics is explicitly teaching students to connect letters to sounds.
5. Spelling
Term
Discuss 4 of the results of the meta-analysis from the National Reading Panel (NRP).
Definition
1. Good phonics in/by 1st grade=better decoding and comprehension.
2. Getting phonics later (~6th grade)=decoding improves but comprehension does not.
3. Phonics in only part of learning to read, not the whole program.
4. Intensive systematic phonics (SSP) is recommended - but they do not define how much time is recommended.
Term
Phoneme
Definition
Individual sounds.
Term
Grapheme
Definition
The letter or letter combinations that represent a sound.
Term
Morpheme
Definition
The smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language.
Term
Base word
Definition
A free morpheme to which an affix can be added.
Term
Affix
Definition
Prefixes and suffixes.
Term
Syllable
Definition
Unit of pronunciation organized around a vowel.
Term
Prefix
Definition
A word part (morpheme) that is added in front of the base.
Term
Suffix
Definition
A word part that is added at the end of the base.
Term
Describe 4 important phonic rules students need to know.
Definition
1. C-rule: the i or y makes a soft c sound. Ex: cake, cut, cot make /k/ sound, but cite, cycle, circle make /s/ sound.

2. G-rule: the e, i or y make a soft g sound. Ex: gate, got and gum make a hard g sound, but gym, gentle and giraffe all make a /j/ sound.

3. A (vowel)(consonant)(vowel) makes a long vowel sound.
4. A (consonant)(vowel)(consonant) makes a short vowel sound.
Term
Why is the study of phonics important?
Definition
1. It leads to the understanding of the alphabet;
2. It leads to the understanding of the predictable relationships of letter sounds; and
3. no phonics=no letter sound relationship.
Term
What is the best approach for teaching phonics?
Definition
Systematic synthetic phonics (SSP) because it explicitly teaches students to connect letters to sounds.
Term
Describe attributes of an effective phonics program.
Definition
1. explicit
2. systematic
3. explains importance of phonics
4. flexible
5. adaptable
6. includes phonemic awareness
7. alphabet principles
8. vocabulary
Term
What is the typical implication of economic status ("SES") with a students vocabulary?
Definition
The higher the SES of a student equals 2x the amount of word knowledge/exposure.
Term
Describe the 2 ways we typically learn vocabulary.
Definition
1. Indirectly (through listening to adults, reading, TV, video games, etc.)
2. Directly (through explicit teaching)
Term
Why are children's books better than adult conversation or television?
Definition
Children's books have more variety.
Term
What are some problems with having students look up words in the dictionary?
Definition
1. No context
2. Only gives denotation, not connotation
3. May be incomplete
4. Defining is the end result (not deriving meaning)
Term
How do we know words?
Definition
1. Reading a lot (at grade level with motivation)
2. Multiple exposures
3. Metacognitant of sounds, prefixes, roots.
4. Morphemes, usage and multi-meanings.
Term
Describe the 4 stages of word knowledge.
Definition
1. No knowledge
2. Vague familiarity
3. Contextual knowledge
4. Rich & flexible ("own it")
Term
What are the 4 principle of effective vocabulary instruction?
Definition
1. active involvement
2. personal connections
3. immersion
4. multiple sources
Term
Sight words
Definition
Words that you should know automatically.
Term
Oral vocabulary
Definition
Words that you use to speak.
Term
Reading vocabulary
Definition
Words that you recognize when you read.
Term
Listening vocabulary
Definition
Words that you know when you hear them.
Term
Writing vocabulary
Definition
Words you are comfortable using.
Term
Denotation
Definition
Dictionary definition.
Term
Connotation
Definition
Personal definition
Term
What words should be taught directly?
Definition
1. Critical to understanding text,
2. General utility words, and
3. Words that need interpretation.
Term
Describe 4 different vocabulary strategies.
Definition
1. Word walls: group alphabetically, conceptually, or morphemically.
2. Read aloud.
3. Vocabulary word trees: the trunk is the word, the roots will be origin and affixes, branches are definition, sentence.
4. Logographic clues: drawing pictures of words (grapheme)
Term
How does fluency provide a bridge between vocabulary (word recognition) and comprehension?
Definition
Because there is less focus on decoding and more focus on comprehension.
Term
Describe the 3 parts of fluency.
Definition
1. accuracy (correctness)
2. rate (speed)
3. prosody (expression)
Term
Why is fluency rate for any one person not stable?
Definition
Because it depends on the (grade) level of the text.
Term
What does research say about the popular SSR and DEAR programs?
Definition
Though the research is qualitative, not quantitative, they believe it works. There are no quantitative studies done on SSR and DEAR.
Term
What is the correlation between the more a person reads and their fluency level?
Definition
More reading = improved reading (fluency)
Term
How does a teacher recognize if a student needs need with fluency?
Definition
1. More than 10% word recognition errors on unfamiliar grade level passages.
2. Read without prosody (expression)
3. Students have little comprehension of what they have just read aloud.
Term
Describe the 3 levels of text.
Definition
1. Independent level (1 word in 20 difficult)
2. Instructional level (1 word in 10 difficult)
3. Frustration level (2 or more words in 10 are difficult)
Term
Describe what happens more often to struggling readers than proficient readers.
Definition
1. Have reading material that is too hard to read,
2. Have to read aloud,
3. Be interrupted when they make a mistake,
4. Be interrupted quickly,
5. Wait for a teacher prompt (looks up),
6. Told to "sound out" the word.
Term
Describe 4 strategies for improving fluency.
Definition
1. Choral reading
2. Adult reads then students read
3. Partner reading
4. Improve sight word recognition
Term
Explain formal fluency assessment.
Definition
1. Timed samples: reading a sample at grade level or at target level for students and having them read orally for a period of time (1 minute, 5 minutes, etc.). Score is measured by number of sentences, number of words, number of syllables - then graph.
2. Monitored over time: using timed samples throughout the year, schooling, etc. to monitor growth of fluency.
Term
What is listening comprehension?
Definition
1. Language ability: sentence structure knowledge and word knowledge (phonemic awareness, phonics and vocabulary); and
2. Background knowledge.
Term
List 5 characteristics of proficient readers.
Definition
1. Connectors
2. Questioners
3. Inferrers
4. Distinguishers
5. Synthesizers
6. Repairers
7. Monitorers
8. Visualizers
Term
Describe the steps in scaffolding.
Definition
This is the gradual release model.
1. Teacher modeling (I do)
2. Guided practice (we do)
3. Independent practice (you do)
4. Application of practice (assessments)
Term
Inference
Definition
Merging text clues with prior knowledge, elaborating upon what is read, draw conclusions, going beyond the text.
It involves making predictions, connecting points, figuring unknown words, asking questions. Students use background knowledge to infer.
Term
Explain how text can influence comprehension.
Definition
1. The text may be too difficult.
2. May not have prior knowledge of vocabulary.
3. Sentence length may be too long.
4. May be unfamiliar with the organization of textbook/text features.
5. Text or genre may not be appealing.
Term
Explain how the reader can influence comprehension.
Definition
1. Reader may not have the language ability
2. May not have the background knowledge.
3. May not have the intelligence.
4. May not have the learned reading skills necessary.
Term
Explain how the task can influence comprehension.
Definition
1. The purpose may be unclear.
2. The motivation may not be there.
3. The consequences may not be clear or high enough.
4. The support may be not apparent.
Term
What are some challenges of textbook language?
Definition
1. High density
2. Longer sentences
3. Unusual words
4. Too formal
Term
Why is metaphoric language difficult for struggling readers?
Definition
1. Idioms- Ex: It's raining cats and dogs.
2. Colloquialisms - That band was bad.
3. Metaphors - His feet flew down that path.
Term
Why is there a need for sentence comprehension?
Definition
1. Written language is different than oral language.
2. Syntactic awareness helps correct decoding errors.
3. Efficient processing of structure helps comprehension.
4. Supports writing.
Term
Explain how fictional text structure differs from non-fictional text structure.
Definition
Fiction has:
1. Exposition
2. Conflict
3. Climax
4. Resolution

Non-fiction has:
1. Describe/define
2. Examples
3. Reasons
4. Compare/contrast
5. Sequence/time order
Term
Describe 3 strands that appeared in the National Reading Panel concerning comprehension.
Definition
1. Need for vocabulary instruction.
2. Need for teacher preparation to either use direct explanation (problem-solving approach) or transactional (facilitating discussion)
3. Need for explicit instruction through teacher modeling, such as summarizing and identifying structure.
Term
Describe the 4 types of Question-Answer Relationships (QARs).
Definition
1. It's Right There
2. Think and Search
3. What You Know "On My Own"
4. The Author and You.
Term
What is an anticipation guide?
Definition
Is a comprehension strategy that is used before reading to activate students' prior knowledge and build curiosity about a new topic. Before reading, students listen to or read several statements about key concepts presented in the text; they're often structured as a series of statements with which the students can choose to agree or disagree. Anticipation guides stimulate students' interest in a topic and set a purpose for reading.
Term
Describe a RAFT Strategy.
Definition
(R)ole, (A)udience, (F)ormat, (T)opic

Example: Role is Ice, the Audience is Water, the Format is an Expository Essay, and the Topic is What You Will Become.
Term
What is thoughtful literacy?
Definition
It is reading to remember or to think.

Theory of Allington (UF)
To craft understanding you must be able to:
1. activate prior knowledge,
2. summarize
3. teach story grammar lessons (text structure)
4. use imagery
5. create a question generating atmosphere
6. and think aloud
Term
Describe effective programs for struggling readers.
Definition
A balance of the top-down, bottom-up and transactional programs is most effective.
Effective programs have (i) explicit teaching of word identification, comprehension, vocabulary with authentic reading and writing tasks; (ii) daily read alouds, and (iii) reading instruction based on assessments.
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