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Reading Instruction GANN CH1-4
Midterm
79
Education
Undergraduate 4
02/24/2009

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Term
Diagnosis Reading and Improvement program
Definition
Reading instruction interwoven with diagnosis and intervention
Term
Diagnosis
Definition
The act, process, or result of identifyin the nature of a disorder or disability through observationand examination.
Term
Reading
Definition
a dynamic, complex act that involves the bringingof meaning to the getting of meaning from the written page
Term
Reading process
Definition
Concerned with the affective, perceptual, and cognitive domains
Term
Affective Domain
Definition
Includes the feelings and emotional learnings that individuals require.
Term
Perceptual Domain
Definition
Part of the reading process that develops on an individual's background of experiences and sensory receptors
Term
perception
Definition
a cumulative process based on an individual's background of experiences. It is defined as giving meaning to sensations or the ability to organize stimuli on a field.
Term
Cognitive Domain
Definition
Heirarchyof objectives ranging from simplistic thinking skills to the more complex ones.
Term
Metacognition
Definition
Thinking critically about thinking; refers to the students' knowledge about their thinking processes and the aiblity to control them.
Term
Top-down reading models
Definition
Depend on the reader's background of experiences and language abilityin constructing meaning from the text.
Term
Bottom-up Models
Definition
Models which consider the reading process as one of grapheme-phonemecorrespondences; code emphasis or subskill models.
Term
Interactive reading models
Definition
The top-down processing of information is depenent on the bottom-up processing.
Term
Developmetal reading
Definition
All those reading skills and strategiesthat are systematically and sequentially developed help students become effective readers throughout their schooling.
Term
Remedial reading
Definition
Takes place outside the regular classroom and is handled by personnel.
Term
Self Fulfilling prophecy
Definition
Teacher assumptions about children become true, at least in part, because of the attitude of teachers, which in turn becomes part of the children's self concept.
Term
Diagnostic teaching
Definition
The practice of continuously trying a variety of instructional strategies and materials based on the needs of students.
Term
Explicit instruction
Definition
Instruction guided by a teacher, who uses various strategies to help students understand what they are reading.
Term
Individualized instruction
Definition
Students work at their own pace on material based on their needs, interests and abilities.
Term
Learning Center
Definition
An integral part of the instructional program and vital to a good individualized program. An area usually set aside in the classroom for instruction in a specific curriculum area.
Term
Test
Definition
An assigned set of tasks to be performed.
Term
Measurement
Definition
Part of the evaluative process; broader than test; involves quantitative descriptions.
Term
Evaluation
Definition
A process of apprasial involving specific values and the use of a variety of instruments in order to form a value judgement; goes beyond test and measurement.
Term
Assessment
Definition
A broad term that encompasses a variety of tests and measurements.
Term
Objectivity
Definition
The same score must result regardless of who marks the test.
Term
Validity
Definition
the degree to which certain inferences can be made from test score or other measurements; the degree to which a test instrument measures what it claims to measure.
Term
Relaibility
Definition
The extent to which a test instrument consistently produces similar results.
Term
Suitability
Definition
The appropriateness of a test for a specific population of students.
Term
Standardized Tests
Definition
Tests that have been published by experts in the field and have precise instructions for administration and scoring.
Term
Norms
Definition
Average scores for a given group of students, which allow comparisons to be made for different students or groups of students.
Term
Norm-Referenced tests
Definition
Standardized tests with norms so that comparisons can be made to sample population.
Term
Locator test
Definition
Used to determine at what level a student should begin testing.
Term
Practice test
Definition
Ensures that the actual test measures what students know rather thatn their test taking ability; it familiarizes students with the test.
Term
Survey batteries
Definition
A group of tests in different content areas.
Term
Raw score
Definition
The number of items that a student answers correctly on a test.
Term
Standard scores
Definition
Used to compare test takers' assessment scores.
Term
Standard deviation
Definition
Deals with how widely scores may vary from the mean.
Term
Mean
Definition
Arithmetical average
Term
Normal curve
Definition
Scores are symmetrically distributed around the mean.
Term
Grade equivalents
Definition
Description of year and month of school for which a given student's level of performance is typical.
Term
Percentile
Definition
A point on the distribution below which a certain percentage of all scores fall.
Term
Stanine
Definition
A score in educational testing on a nine-point scale, ranging from a low of 1 to a high of 9, of normalized standard scores.
Term
Criterion Referenced tests
Definition
Based on an extensive inventory of objectives in a specific curriculum area, they are used to help assess and individual students' performance with respect to his or her mastery f the specified objectives in a given curriculum area.
Term
Objective
Definition
Desired educational outcome.
Term
Content domain
Definition
term that refers to subject matter covered.
Term
Teacher made tests
Definition
tests prepared by the classroom teacher for a particular class and given by the classroom teacher for a prarticular class and given by the classroom teacher under conditions of his or her own choosing.
Term
classroom tests
Definition
teacher made tests, also called informal tests.
Term
group tests
Definition
administered to a group of people at the same time.
Term
individual test
Definition
administered to one person at a time.
Term
diagnostic reading tests
Definition
Provide subscores discrete enought so that specific information about a student's reading behavior can be obtained and used for instruction.
Term
Educational factors
Definition
Those factors that come under the domain of control of the educational systemand influence learning.
Term
Educational factors
Definition
Those factors that come under the domain of control of the educational systemand influence learning.
Term
Non educational factors
Definition
Supposedly those factors that do not come under the domain or control of the educational system and cannot be influenced by it.
Term
Home environment
Definition
Socioeconomic class parents' education, and the neighborhood in which childrenlive are some factors that shape children's home environments.
Term
Standard English
Definition
English in respect to spelling, grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation that is subastantially uniform thowugh not devoid of regional differences.
Term
Dialect
Definition
A variation of language sufficently diffferent to be considedred separate, but not different enought to be classified as a separate language
Term
Nonstandard English
Definition
A variation of standard English in the United States
Term
Ebonics
Definition
A combination of ebony and phonics. A variation of standard English , in the class of nonstandard English.
Term
Bilingual
Definition
Using or capableof using two languages
Term
Hypermetropia
Definition
Farsighetedness; difficultywith close-up vision.
Term
Astigmatism
Definition
A defect of the vision that causes blurred vision
Term
Myopia
Definition
Nearsightedness; difficulty with distance vision
Term
Binocular vision
Definition
The ability to focus both eyes on a similar point of reference and see one object.
Term
eye movements
Definition
How the eyes appear to moeve in the act of reading.
Term
Fixations
Definition
Stops readers make in the act of reading.
Term
Regressions
Definition
Eyes move backward, they move back to reread material while in the acto f reading continuous text.
Term
Saccades
Definition
Quick, Jerky movements of the eyes as they jump from one fixation to another in the reading of continuous text.
Term
Visual discrimination
Definition
The ability to distinguish differences and similarities between written symbols
Term
Laterality
Definition
Refers to sidedness
Term
Cross dominance
Definition
the dominant hand on one side and the dominant eye on the other.
Term
Mixed dominance
Definition
No consistent preference fo an eye, hand, or foot.
Term
Reversals
Definition
Confusion of letters and words by inverting them
Term
proximodistal development
Definition
muscular development fromt he midpoint of the body to extremities.
Term
Auditory acuity
Definition
Physical response of the eart to sound vibrations.
Term
Audiometer
Definition
An instrument used for measuring hearing
Term
Auditory fatigue
Definition
Temporary hearing loss due to a continuous or repeated exposure to sounds of certain frequencies
Term
Binaurality
Definition
The ability of listeners to direct both ears to the same sound.
Term
masking
Definition
Factor inhibiting hearing as sounds interfere with the spoken message
Term
Auditory discrimination
Definition
Ability to distinguish differences and similiarities between sound symbols.
Term
Auditory memory span
Definition
Amount of information able to be stored in short-term memory for immediate use or reproduction.
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