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Definition
| An MO that increases the effectiveness of a stimulus |
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| An MO that decreases the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimuli |
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| Decreases the current frequency of the behavior |
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Definition
| increase in thr current frequency of the behavior |
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| Make the opportunity to engage in a high probability behavior contingent on the occurrence of a low probability or low frequency behavior. "Grandma's Rule." Tell the reinforcement first. Start with a low-probability behavior and end with a high-probability behavior. |
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Definition
| the process of chaining individual steps together into one sequence |
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Definition
| this occurs when the presence of two or more stimuli behaviors are reinforced for one condition and not the other. |
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Term
| ways to transfer stimulus control |
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Definition
| fading prompts, time delay prompting, using stimulus control shaping |
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Term
| Non-contingent reinforcement |
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Definition
a procedure in which stimuli with known reinforcing properties are presented in fixed time or variable time schedules
completely independent of behavior
Providing a reinforcer in a time schedule as opposed to reinforcing positive behavior. Giving a reinforcer in a schedule independent of behavior. Example: a student sitting by a teacher. |
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Term
| High-probability Request Sequence |
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Definition
| easier tasks with a known history of learner compliance are presented in quick succession immediately before presenting the low-probability task or low-p |
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Term
| Functional Communication Training |
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Definition
| (FCT) is a differential reinforcement (DR) procedure in which an individual is taught an alternative response to challenging behavior. They are taught functional communication instead of challenging behaviors, gestural or verbal |
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| DRO Differential reinforcement of other behavior |
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Definition
| Reinforcement is contingent on the absence of problem behavior during or at a specific time |
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| DRA Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior |
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Definition
| reinforcement is delivered for a behavior that serves as a desirable alternative to the behavior targeted for reduction and withheld following instances of the problem behavior |
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| DRD Differential reinforcement of diminishing rates |
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Definition
| reinforcing decreasing rates of a target response |
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| DRH Differential reinforcement of high rates |
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Definition
| reinforcement is provided as the end of predetermined interval contingent on the number of responses emitted being greater that a gradually increasing criterion based on the learner's performance in previous intervals. |
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| DRI Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior |
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Definition
| reinforcement delivered fo a behavior that is topographical incompatible with the behavior targeted for reduction and withheld following instances of the problem behavior |
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Term
| crisis emergency procedure |
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Definition
1. Use preventive measure such as using frequent reinforcement, identifying precursor behaviors, use of replacement behaviors
2. Least to most intrusive redirection
3. Make sure space is safe
4. Make sure learner is safe |
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Definition
| systematic observations that enhance an understanding of an event |
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Definition
| when 2 events are found to have a correlation |
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Definition
| the ability that predictions will enable preparation |
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| 1938 the experimental branch of behavior analysis began with the publication of this |
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Definition
| BF Skinner's The Behavior of Organisms |
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Definition
| behavior that is involuntary, such as light being shined in eyes and pupils react |
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Definition
| behavior that is influenced by the stimulus change that have followed the behavior in the past |
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Definition
Skinner began his book.
In About Behaviorism, Skinner said Behaviorism is not the science of behavior but the philosophy of science. |
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Definition
| the first behaviorist to view thoughts and feelings as behaviors called "private events." Created radical behaviorism. |
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Definition
| 1949 Fuller conducted the study on a young man with severe developmental delays. Put a syringe of sugar-milk solution and injected small amounts when the boy moved his arm. Soon, the boy was lifting his arm up. Nobody thought this was possible. |
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Definition
| researchers used methods of experimental analysis of behavior to determine whether the principles of behavior used on nonhuman could be replicated with actual humans. |
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Definition
| studied punishment, escape and avoidance on preschoolers |
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| 1960s DeMeyer and Ferster |
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Definition
| studies on children with Autism |
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Term
| how is measurement of behavior used? |
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Definition
| measurement of behavior is used to determine the functional relations between socially significant behavior and environmental variables |
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Term
| what are the types of continuous measurement procedures? |
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Definition
Repeatability, including the count, ratio and celeration
temporal extent including duration
and temporal locus meaning a specific point in time |
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Term
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Definition
temporal locus means every instance of behavior occurs at a certain point in time
two types: response latency: time between onset of stimulus and initiation of the response
interresponse time: amount of time between two consecutive instances of a response class |
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Term
| Derivative measures include what two things? |
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Definition
percentage: a ratio of the number of correct responses per total number of responses
and types of criterion: number of responses, trails, or practice opportunities to reach a predetermined criterion |
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Term
| discontinuous measurement procedures |
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Definition
whole interval recording: recording behavior through the entirety of the interval
partial interval recording: recording behavior occurring at any time throughout the interval
momentary time sampling: recording behavior if it occurs at the end of session |
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Term
| permanent product recording procedures |
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Definition
measuring a bX after it has occurred by the effects on the environment and the products left behind, i.e. recordings of the bx, math problems, completed worksheets, handwriting or pages
benefits: don't have to have constant attention of learner, makes possible measurement of some bx that occur at inconvenient or inaccessible times and places |
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Term
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Definition
horizontal axis: the independent variable (passage of time, change in condition)
vertical axis: dependent variable, quantifiable measure of bx
Condition Change lines: vertical line drawn through hoiontal axis to mark a change in condition of the independent variable (i.e. different types of intervention, different magnitude, etc.) |
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Definition
| simple format for summarizing behavioral data |
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Term
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Definition
| number of respones during each observation periods is added to the total number of responses |
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Term
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Definition
to define and measrue targets for behavior change programs
behavioral assessments seek to determine the function of a problem bx to develop comprehensive interventions to change the bx |
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Term
| what is a functional assessment |
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Definition
the ABC format
antecedent, behavior, consequence |
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Term
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Definition
| consequences are meant to increase, decrease or maintain a behavior of interest |
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Term
| 3 types of preference assessments |
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Definition
ask: ask the individual what they prefer; ask significant others what the learner prefers or offer a task choice, i.e. ask the individual what they would like to work for
free operant observation: observing what the client likes during free time.
trial based: single stimulus preference assessment, paired stimulus and multiple stimulus with or without replacement |
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Term
| what are the two types of free operant observation? |
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Definition
contrived: items are placed in front of the client and the duration they engage is recorded
or naturalistic: the client is observed in the natural environment and the duration they engage with items is recorded |
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Term
| ways to implement naturalistic teaching procedures |
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Definition
takes place in natural environment
incorporate natural activities with natural reinforcers and consequences
child-lead instruction
example: when the child reaches for a ball, restrict access and prompt "ball" and give them the ball when they say it |
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Term
| steps for a task analysis |
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Definition
identify the task
break down task into simple steps
present whole task to student
record which steps in the sequence your student can do with success and what level of prompting is required for success for each step |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the first step in the chain as being on acquisition while all subsequent steps are prompted. First, the child must master the first step and demonstrate it independently and all subsequent steps are prompted, then second step targeted, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
refers to the last step in the sequence targeted. All steps prior to final steps are prompted. Final step is on acquisition.
After last step is mastered, next to last step on acquisition |
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Term
| what are the ways to implement stimulus control transfer procedures? |
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Definition
| systematically fading prompts, utilizing time delay prompting and using stimulus control shaping. Then moving from rigid taught stimulus to more naturalistic stimuli. example: teaching color red in flashcards, then moving on to teach color red in various objects |
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Term
| how do you implement stimulus fading procedures |
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Definition
| highlight a physical dimension of a stimulus to ensure correct response and systematically fading this exaggeration dimension |
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Term
| visual prompt is the lowest prompt you can give. How do you do this? |
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Definition
| change the size or position of the correct response in order for the client to ger answer correct |
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Term
what is generalization?
What are the three types if generalization? |
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Definition
| the ability for the learner to genrealize concepts taught systematically to natural settings. Three types include environment, people, stimulus |
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Term
| what is maintenance and what does it refer to? |
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Definition
maintenance refers to the ability for the student to maintain mastery of concepts taught systematically over time
student can transfer learned skills across variables.
maintenance refers specifically to time |
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Term
| describe common functions of behavior |
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Definition
| to escape, avoid, obtain or automatic |
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Term
| how do you use extinction for automatic reinforcement? |
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Definition
| mask or remove sensory consequence, i.e. if scratching for sensory feeling, apply a bandade |
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Term
| Name some common variables that may affect the client? |
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Definition
| medication, feeling sick, lack of sleep, long week, etc |
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Term
| ways to maintain professional boundaries |
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Definition
| service only in the boundaries of competence, maintain competence through training, workshops, etc. Don't over-identify with client, don't share personal stories, maintain confidentiality, be sure questions are directed to BCBA, do not discuss other clients or other clients programs |
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Term
| ways to maintain client dignity |
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Definition
| do not discuss the client, progress, lack of progress or information in public places or with people not directly working with that client. Treat every client with respect regardless of functional level, do not talk down to the client. |
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Term
| clients have the following six rights: |
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Definition
1. a therapeutic environment
2. services whose goal is client's personal welfare.
2. treatment by a competent behavior analyst and interventionist
3. programs that teach functional skills
4. behavior assessments and ongoing evaluation
5. the most effective procedures available that are researched and evidence-based. |
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Term
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Definition
| a verbal response that modify the effect on the listener, a verbal behavior that modifies other verbal behavior, i.e. some, all, I think, I guess |
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Term
| discrete trial training: trial by trial |
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Definition
| teacher marks data after each response in the intertrial interval |
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Term
| descrete trial training: probe data |
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Definition
| record first three trials and non after that to see if child's response. |
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Term
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Definition
| x axis (abscissa) records some element of time, i.e. day, week, month |
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| Y axis records (ordinate) |
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Definition
| record number or percentage of behavior |
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Term
| phase change line on a line graph |
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Definition
| phase change line indicates a change in the one point of the intervention to another, i.e. baseline and intervention |
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Definition
| shows moment to moment changes and the variability in the data |
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Definition
| a summary of all the data and overall effectiveness of the treatment |
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