Term
|
Definition
| transports oxygen to the tissues |
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Term
|
Definition
| function as carriers and particpate in the acid base balance |
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Term
|
Definition
| a complex network of fiber proteins that maintain the bioconcave shape |
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Term
|
Definition
| a natural pigment. red when oxygenated and blue when non oxygenated |
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Term
|
Definition
| adult hemoglobin. pair of alpha chains and a pair of beta chains. |
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Term
|
Definition
| fetal hemoglobin. high affinity for oxygen for crossing the placenta. |
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to the production of rbc's. produced in the bone marrow |
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Term
|
Definition
| meaures the total number of rbc's in a microliter of blood. (uL) |
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Term
| the percentage of reticulocytes |
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Definition
| typically 1%. provides an index of rate of red blood cell production |
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Term
| hemoglobin per deciliter (dL) or 100 mL |
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Definition
| measures the hemoglobin content in the blood |
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Term
|
Definition
| measures the the red cell mass in a 100 mL plasma volume |
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Term
| the mean corpuscular volume |
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Definition
| reflects the volume or the size ofthe red blood cells |
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Term
| the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) falls in...? |
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Definition
| microcytic, small cell anemia |
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Term
|
Definition
| macrocytic, larg cell, anemia |
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|
Term
| the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration |
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Definition
| the concentration of hemoglobin in each cell |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) |
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Definition
| the mass of the red blood cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| abnormally low rbc's, hemoglobin, resulting in diminished oxygen carrying capacity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| excessive blood loss,hemolysis of rbc's, deficient erythropoiesis, lack of nutrition |
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Term
| t or f: bone marrow failure can cause anemia...? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| t or f:anemia is NOt a disease |
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Definition
| true! it is an idication of an underlying disease or alteration in body functions |
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Term
| the effects of anemia can be grouped into 3 categories, what are they? |
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Definition
| impaired oxygen transport,reduction of red cell indicies and hemoglobin levels and.... |
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Term
| what is the last category...continued... |
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Definition
| signs and symptoms associated with the pathologic process that causes anemia. |
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Term
| when the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin is reduced, what happens? |
|
Definition
| the tissues become hypoxic |
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Term
| tissue hypoxia can give rise to? |
|
Definition
| fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, and sometimes angina |
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|
Term
| hypoxia of brain tissue results in? |
|
Definition
| headache, faintness, and dim vision |
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Term
| why do we get tachycardia and heart palpitations with anemia? |
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Definition
| the heart is trying to compensate for the lack of oxygen by pumping more blood |
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Term
| why do we get sternal pain and bone pain in patients with anemia? |
|
Definition
| because erythropoiesis is accelerated |
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|
Term
| in anemia what will happen to the skin? |
|
Definition
| jaundice frequently due to increased blood levels of bilirubin |
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|
Term
| reduced platelet function can cause? |
|
Definition
| aplastic anemia, petechaie, and purpura |
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|
Term
| external bleeding can cause |
|
Definition
| iron loss and a possible iron difficiency |
|
|
Term
| how long does it take for stem cells to fully differentiate into rbc's? |
|
Definition
| 5 days, it is marked by an increase in circulating reticulocytes |
|
|
Term
| patients with anemia are commonly asymptomatic until the hemoglobin...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acute blood loss can lead to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the premature destruction of rbc's, the retention or iron in the body... |
|
|
Term
| hemolytic anemia continued... |
|
Definition
| hemoglobin destruction and an increase in erythropoiesis |
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|
Term
| all types of hemolytic anemia are distinguished by...? |
|
Definition
| normocytic and normochromic red cells. |
|
|
Term
| because of the premature rbc's life, the bone marrow is what? |
|
Definition
| the bone marrow is hyperactive in hemolytic anemia |
|
|
Term
| in hemolytic anemia the red blood cells are broken down. how can this be done? |
|
Definition
| intravascular and extravascular |
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Term
|
Definition
| less common. complement fixiation, injury, or toxic factors. |
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Term
|
Definition
| less deformable, they get stuck in the spleenic sinusoids and are phagocytized there |
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Term
| what is another way that hemolytic anemia can be clasified? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| defects on the cell membrane, inherited enzyme defects |
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Term
|
Definition
| drugs, bacteria, toxins, antibodies, and physical trauma |
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Term
|
Definition
| no iron that causes decreased hemoglobin synthesis and impaired oxygen delivery |
|
|
Term
| when rbc's breakdown they release iron to recycled, where do we lose the iron? |
|
Definition
| some of the iron is recycled and some of it is lost in the feces. |
|
|
Term
| what can cause an iron deficiency? |
|
Definition
| peptic ulcers, pms, cancer, hemorrhoids, GI bleeding, intestinal polyps |
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|
Term
| iron defficiency anemia is chracterized by? |
|
Definition
| low hemoglobin and hematocrit, decreased iron stores, and low serum iron and ferritin |
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Term
|
Definition
| irregular shape of red cell |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anemia, fatiguiability,dyspnea, palpitations, anagina,tachycardia,waxy pallor,brittle nails |
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|
Term
| what other symptoms do we get with anemia? |
|
Definition
| spoon shaped nails, smooth tongue, sores in the mouth, dysphagia, decreased acid |
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Term
|
Definition
| an abnormal craving of ice or dirt, common in patients with anemia |
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|
Term
| why do we need folic acid |
|
Definition
| for DNA synthesis and red blood cell synthesis |
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Term
|
Definition
| absorbed in intestine, found in green leafy veggis and cereals. vitamins lost in cooking |
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|
Term
| malabsorbtion of folic acid can result in...? |
|
Definition
| may be due to syndroms such as sprue or other intestinal disorders. |
|
|
Term
| in neoplastic disease, tumor cells compete for...? |
|
Definition
| folate so therefore a difficiency can be common with those who have cancer |
|
|
Term
| what can cause a folic acid difficiciency during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| poor dietary habits, anorexia, and nausea |
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Term
|
Definition
| an abnormally high total red blood cell mass with a hematocrit of 50% |
|
|
Term
| what 2 types of polycythemia are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the hematocrit rises bc of a loss of plasma volume without a loss in red cells |
|
|
Term
| when do we get relative polycythemia |
|
Definition
| in dehydration, excess use of diuretics, or GI losses |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a rise in hematocrit due to an increase in total red cell mass. 2 types |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of polycythemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary polycythemia (polycythemia vera) |
|
Definition
| a neoplastic disease. increase in rbc mass with elevated wbc and platelet counts |
|
|
Term
| t or f: viscosity rises with the hematocrit and interfers with cardiac output...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| polycythemia vera symptoms |
|
Definition
| hypertension, headache, dizziness, difficulty hearing, cyanosis, pain at fingers |
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|
Term
| polycythemia vera symptoms continued... |
|
Definition
| night sweats, weight loss, hemorrhage, and venous stasis |
|
|
Term
| what is the goal for treating polycythemia vera? |
|
Definition
| reduce blood viscosity by blood withdraws or an asprin regimen |
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Term
|
Definition
| increase in the levels of erythropoietin, as a compensatry measure against hypoxia |
|
|
Term
| what conditions can cause hypoxia? |
|
Definition
| living athigh altitudes, chronic heart and lung disease, smoking |
|
|
Term
| the release of erythropoietin from the kidney causes...? |
|
Definition
| the increased formation of rbc's in the bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| t or f:neoplasms can cause secondary polycythemia...? |
|
Definition
| true! some neoplasms can secrete erythropoietin. |
|
|
Term
| how do we treat secondary polycythemia? |
|
Definition
| by treating the hypoxia. oxygen therapy can help |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased erythropoiten release |
|
|
Term
| H&H will be falsely elevated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what indicatiosn do retikulocytes give us? |
|
Definition
| an indication of bone marrow functionablity |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of the mean corpuscular volume? (MCV) |
|
Definition
| to measure the size of the rbc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration |
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|
Term
| anemia diagnosis can be based on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in hemorhage...what will it look like? |
|
Definition
| regular, size and color...just not enough of them |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| big, good color. folic acid deficiency. pernicicous anemia |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| small rbc, pale. iron defficiency |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| normal size, normal color |
|
|
Term
| what increases with anemia? |
|
Definition
| tachycardia and respirations |
|
|
Term
| what do we need for erythropoesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insufficienct erythropoiesis |
|
|
Term
| how much iron do we need? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| really obvious. hemotyosis, excess blood loss. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not obvious, from GI tract etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small intestine (duodenum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stored iron that is found in the liver |
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