Term
| What is the importance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)? |
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Definition
1) Provides high-resolution, non-invasive visualization of living tissues
2) Breast tumors can be detected
3) Possible to view progress of anti-tumor therapy and progress of more aggressive cancers |
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Term
| What is the purpose of cDNA microarrays? |
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Definition
| 1) Used to simultaneously monitor expression of hundreds or thousands of genes |
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Term
| What are the 3 steps which take place in diagnostic microarrays? |
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Definition
1) Extracted patient cellular mRNA can be copied into cDNA and labeled with fluorescent probe
2) Microarray (cDNAs) then incubated with labeled sample and hybridization occurs
3) Array is washed to remove unbound molecules, and positions of labeled fragments are measured by scanning laser microscope and compared to controls |
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Term
| What is the purpose of gene expression arrays and bioinformatics? |
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Definition
1) Predicts clinical course of BC progression with more than 90% of accuracy
2) Profiles identify survival signatures that can be combined with more hopeful therapeutic regimens |
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Term
| What occurs when cancer cells adopt a malignant phenotype (induced differentiation)? |
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Definition
1) Cancer cells acquire defective differentiation
2) Enter a post-mitotic stage with greater degrees of malignancy |
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Term
| What fusion protein is found in 99% of all acute promyelocytic leukemias (APLs)? What is the function of the protein? |
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Definition
1) The fusion protein is made up of promoyeolocytic leukemia (PML) fused to the nuclear retinoic acid receptor (RAR) protein
2) The protein blocks normal RAR-triggered differentiation of hematopoetic promyelocytes |
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Term
| Promyelocytes using RA via retinoic acid receptor become what? If they use the PML / RAR fusion protein then what do they become? What about the all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)protein? |
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Definition
1) Neutrophils
2) Promyelocyte proliferation
3) Neutrophils |
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Term
| What is a key question in identifying targets for therapeutic intervention? |
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Definition
| 1) Where genetic alterations and mutant proteins that arise early in multi-step tumor progression of rapidly dividing cells continue to be require much later when a full blown tumor or cancer develops |
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Term
| What are the main factors implicated in progression of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) to PanIN-3 (carcinoma in situ)? |
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Definition
1) Oncogenes
2) TSG mutations |
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Term
| What occurs in PanIN-1A, K-ras, and HER-2/neu? |
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Definition
| 1) Oncogenes are activated |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1) Inactivated TSGs, p53, BRCA2, and DPC4 |
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Term
| True or False: In colonic carcinoma, the number of activated TSGs greatly exceeds the number of inactivated oncogenes present in human tumor cell genomes. |
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Definition
| False: In colonic carcinoma, the number of INACTIVATED TSGs greatly exceeds the number of ACTIVATED oncogenes present in human tumor cell genomes. |
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Term
| Cancers carrying which 3 oncogenes often result in highly aggressive behavior with poor prognosis and high levels of autophagy? |
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Definition
1) H-ras
2) K-ras
3) myc (lymphomas) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Cancer cells are particularly prone to __________ - eating themselves to survive, preventing starvation, and increasing metabolism by stimulating mitochondria and cellular energy stores |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Autophagy allows for growth of the most aggressive tumors during nutrient depletion, and various stress conditions. |
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Definition
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Term
| Activated mTor is associated with what pathological processes? |
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Definition
1) Neurodegenerative diseases
2) Stress
3) Cancer |
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Term
| What is the purpose of mTor? |
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Definition
| 1) In nutrient-deprived environments, autophagy in normal cells is inhibited due to reduction of mTor pathway |
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Term
| What type of protein is mTor? |
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Definition
| 1) Serine/theronine protein kinase that is up-regulated stimulating autophagy |
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Term
| "Autophagy-addicted" cancer cells are acutely sensitive to __________ ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What does autophagy potentiate? |
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Definition
1) Effects of an Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor in CML cells positive for Philly Chromosome
2) Gleevec
3) Induces cell death |
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Term
| What factors categorize a target protein (kinase) as "drug-able"? |
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Definition
1) Carries identifiable enzymatic function
2) Has well-defined catalytic cleft used to carry out functions |
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Term
| Why are catalytic clefts desirable for drug developers? |
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Definition
| 1) Represent relatively small cavities that can bind small organic molecules in a highly specific manner |
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Term
| The chemical structure of Gleevec was first developed for what purpose? |
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Definition
| 1) Inhibit tryosine kinase activity of Bcr-Abl fusion protein (Philadelphia Chromosome) active in CML |
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Term
| Which is a better treatment drug for pancreatic cancer: gemcitabine or 5-fluorouracil? Which is the cytidine analogue? |
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Definition
1) Gemcitabine
2) Gemcitabine |
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Term
| What is the purpose of pyrimidine derivatives? |
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Definition
| 1) Inhibit DNA synthesis in part through DNA misincorporation |
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Term
| What other drug (combined with gemcitabine) provides better outcomes for pancreatic cancer? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is a therapeutic window? |
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Definition
| 1) Dosage with the maximum amount of efficiency and minimal amount of toxicity |
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Term
| What is pharmacodynamics? |
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Definition
| 1) What the drug does to the body |
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Term
| What is pharmacokinetics? |
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Definition
| 1) What the body does to the drug |
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Term
| In breast cancer, what is the first sign of metastatic recurrence? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the purpose of Jagged1? |
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Definition
1) May misdirect the bone's own self-renewal process
2) Stimulates IL-6 release from osteoblasts and directly activates osteoclast differentiation
3) Potent downstream mediator of bone metastsis cytokine TGFB that is released during bone destruction |
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Term
| What is Jagged1's receptor? Is it easily accessible from the cell surface? |
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Definition
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