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raja/larose review
raja/larose review
243
Science
Professional
01/24/2012
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Term
1.     main functions of the respiratory system.
 Definition
1) GASSEOUS EXCHANGE, 2) ACID-BASE BALANCE
Term
2.     Gaseous exchange is dependent on these mechanisms.
 Definition
1) VENTILATION, 2) PERFUSION, 3) DIFFUSION
Term
3.     _____ deals with the amount of gas delivered by the lungs.
 Definition
VENTILATION
Term
4.     _____ states that when the temperature is constant, the volume of a fixed amount of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure.
 Definition
BOYLE’S LAW
Term
5.     _____ states that when the pressure is constant, the volume of a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature.
 Definition
CHARLES’ LAW
Term
6.     _____ deals with the amount of blood delivered by the heart to the lungs.
 Definition
PERFUSION
Term
7.     _____ deals with the amount of gas that passes through the air-blood barrier.
 Definition
DIFFUSION
Term
8.     The air-blood barrier is made up of these 3 components.
 Definition
1) CAPILLARY ENDOTHELIUM, 2) BASEMENT MEMBRANE, 3) TYPE 1 PNEUMOCYTES
Term
9.     Type 1 pneumocytes make up _____% of the cell types in the alveolus.
 Definition
90.00000%
Term
10.  Type 2 pneumocytes produce _____, which reduces the surface tension in the alveoli.
 Definition
SURFACTANT (DIPALMITOYL PHOSPHATIDYCHOLINE)
Term
11.  The rate of diffusion in gaseous exchange is governed by _____, which states that diffusion through a tissue membrane is inversely proportional to the tissue thickness.
 Definition
FICK’S LAW
Term
12.  In the ventilation/profusion ration (Va/Q), Va is _____L/min and the pulmonary blood flow is _____L/min.
 Definition
4, 5 L/min
Term
13.  Va/Q is highest in the _____ of the lung, and lowest in the base of the lung; while it is closest to the ideal ratio of 0.8 in the _____ of the lung.
 Definition
APEX, BASE, MIDZONE
Term
14.  _____ is highest in the apex of the lung.
 Definition
VENTILATION
Term
15.  _____ is highest in the base of the lung.
 Definition
PERFUSION
Term
16.  The oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is dependent on the amount of _____ and _____.
 Definition
OXYGEN IN PLASMA, AND AMOUNT CARRIED AS OXYHEMOGLOBIN
Term
17.  4 factors that cause the oxygen saturation curve to shift to the right, which decreases hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen (releases more oxygen).
 Definition
1) ACIDOSIS, 2) INCREASE IN CO2, 3) INCREASE IN TEMP, 4) 2,3-DPG (DIPHOSPHOGLYCERATE)
Term
18.  An increase in CO2 and decrease in pH causes the oxyhemoglobin to give up O2, which is referred to as the _____.
 Definition
BOHR EFFECT
Term
19.  The Bohr effect causes the oxidation saturation curve to shift to the _____.
 Definition
RIGHT
Term
20.  Does blood carry more CO2 or O2?
 Definition
CO2
Term
21.  Blood carries about _____mL of CO2 compared to _____mL of O2 per 100mL of blood.
 Definition
4mL, 1.35Ml
Term
22.  ways CO2 is transported in the blood.
 Definition
1) AS BICARBONATE (70%) , 2) CARBAMINOHEMOGLOBIN (23%) , 3) DISSOLVED IN PLASMA (7%)
Term
23.  The maiN way the body transmits CO2 in the blood is through the use of a _____.
 Definition
BICARBONATE ION (70%)
Term
24.  _____is the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin causing CO2 to be displaced.
 Definition
HALDANE EFFECT
Term
25.  High O2 levels in the _____ displaces CO2, and low O2 levels in the _____ binds more CO2.
 Definition
LUNGS, TISSUES
Term
26.  _____and _____ of breathing so that arterial PCO2 is roughly _____mmHg.
 Definition
RATE AND DEPTH, 40mmHg
Term
27.  Under normal circumstances, the concentration of _____ in the blood is the major determinant of breathing.
 Definition
CO2
Term
28.  components of the brain stem that control respiration.
 Definition
1) PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER, 2) APNEUSTIC CENTER, 3) DORSAL MEDULLA, 4) VENTRAL MEDULLA, 5) CEREBRAL CORTEX
Term
29.  _____ in the upper pons turns off or inhibits the respiratory center, causing a decrease in the depth of inspiration. This results in an increase of the respiratory rate.
 Definition
PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER
Term
30.  _____ in the lower pons prevents the turning off of the inspiratory center.
 Definition
APNEUSTIC CENTER
Term
31.  The dorsal center in the medulla is responsible for _____, while the ventral centers in the medulla are responsible for _____.
 Definition
INSPIRATION, EXPIRATION
Term
32.  Higher centers in the _____ are responsible for controlling the medullary centers.
 Definition
CEREBRAL CORTEX
Term
33.  CO2 can freely cross the blood brain barrier and enter the _____.
 Definition
CSF
Term
34.  In the CSF, CO2 combines with _____ to form _____, which then dissociates to form _____ and _____.
 Definition
H2O, H2CO3; H+, HCO3-
Term
35.  The medulla senses the levels of _____ directly, and the _____ indirectly.
 Definition
H+ IN THE CSF; CO2 IN THE BLOOD
Term
36.  Are the medullary receptors sensitive to O2?
 Definition
NO
Term
37.  Chemoreceptors in the carotid body, and adjacent to the aorta are peripheral chemoreceptors that are stimulated by these things.
 Definition
1) DECREASED PO2, 2) INCREASED PCO2, 3) DECREASED pH
Term
38.  _____ is characterized by periods of rapid breathing with increasing then decreasing the tidal volume, followed by a period of apnea.
 Definition
CHEYNE-STOKES BREATHING
Term
39.  Cheyne-stokes breathing can be seen in a patient with _____.
 Definition
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
Term
40.  _____ is characterized by deep rapid regular breathing (air hunger).
 Definition
KUSSMAUL BREATHING
Term
41.  Kussmaul breathing can be seen in patients with _____.
 Definition
DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS
Term
42.  _____ is characterized by bouts of irregularly irregular breathing and apnea.
 Definition
BIOT’S RESPIRATION
Term
43.  Biot’s respiration can be seen in patients with _____.
 Definition
BRAIN STEM COMPRESSION
Term
44.  _____ is a reflex that limits over inflation of the lungs. It is mediated by stretch receptors found in the smooth muscle of the airways.
 Definition
HERING-BREUER REFLEX
Term
45.  The hering-breuer reflex sends afferents along the _____ nerve, and efferents via the _____ nerve.
 Definition
VAGUS NERVE; PHRENIC NERVE
Term
46.  _____ is a measure of the distensibility of the lungs and chest wall.
 Definition
LUNG COMPLIANCE
Term
47.  Lung compliance is the changing _____ caused by a given change in _____.
 Definition
LUNG VOLUME, RESPIRATORY PRESSURE
Term
48.  Lung compliance is related to the _____, _____ and _____ in the lungs.
 Definition
ELASTIC FIBERS, WATER CONTENT, AND SURFACTANT
Term
49.  Lung compliance is inversely related to the amount of _____, and proportional to the _____.
 Definition
ELASTIC TISSUE; FORCE NEEDED TO EXPAND THE CHEST
Term
50.  The elasticity of the lungs tends to_____ the lung.
 Definition
COLLAPSE
Term
51.  _____ helps to counter the lungs tendency to collapse.
 Definition
SURFACTANT
Term
52.  _____ is a condition that increases lung compliance, allowing the lungs to over-expand.
 Definition
EMPHYSEMA
Term
53.  _____ and _____ are 2 conditions that decrease lung compliance.
 Definition
PULMONARY FIBROSIS, PULMONARY EDEMA
Term
54.  _____ is a condition that decreases the ability of the chest wall to expand.
 Definition
ANKYLOSING SPONDYLOSIS
Term
55.  _____ is a condition that will cause a decrease in the chest wall’s ability to expand.
 Definition
KYPHOSCOLIOSIS
Term
56.  _____ is a measurement of the total volume held in the lungs.
 Definition
TLC (TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY)
Term
57.  The average total lung capacity is _____mL.
 Definition
5800mL
Term
58.  _____ is a measurement of lung volume expired after maximal inspiration.
 Definition
VITAL CAPACITY
Term
59.  The average vital capacity is _____mL.
 Definition
4600mL
Term
60.  _____ is a measurement of the volume of normal breath.
 Definition
TIDAL VOLUME
Term
61.  The average tidal volume is _____mL.
 Definition
500mL
Term
62.  _____ is a measurement of the volume inspired after tidal volume.
 Definition
INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
Term
63.  The average inspiratory reserve volume is _____mL.
 Definition
3000mL
Term
64.  _____ is a measurement of the volume expired after normal breath.
 Definition
EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
Term
65.  The average expiratory reserve volume is _____mL.
 Definition
1100mL
Term
66.  _____ is a measurement of the lung volume after maximal expiration.
 Definition
RESIDUAL VOLUME
Term
67.  The average residual volume is _____mL.
 Definition
1200mL
Term
68.  _____ is a measurement of the air left in lungs after normal expiration.
 Definition
FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL VOLUME
Term
69.  The average functional residual volume is _____mL.
 Definition
3300mL
Term
70.  _____ is a measurement of forced volume expired after 1 second of time.
 Definition
FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME
Term
71.  The average forced expiratory volume is _____% of air.
 Definition
80.00000%
Term
1.     The respiratory center is developed as a respiratory diverticulum from the _____.
 Definition
UPPER END OF THE FOREGUT
Term
2.     From the upper end of the foregut _____ develop.
 Definition
2 LUNG BUDS
Term
3.     The 2 lung buds develop into the _____ of each lung.
 Definition
PRIMARY BRONCHI
Term
4.     The primary bronchi subdivide into _____.
 Definition
SECONDARY (LOBAR) BRONCHI
Term
5.     The secondary bronchi divide into _____.
 Definition
TERTIARY (SEGMENTAL) BRONCHI
Term
6.     The tertiary bronchi continue to divide until the _____ are formed.
 Definition
TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES
Term
7.     The terminal bronchioles give rise to the _____.
 Definition
RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLE
Term
8.     The _____ develop later from the respiratory bronchioles in the 3rd trimester.
 Definition
ALVEOLI
Term
9.     _____ is a congenital defect when the upper end of the esophagus is blind-ending.
 Definition
ESOPHAGEAL ATRESIA
Term
10.  _____ is a congenital anomaly when the lower end of the esophagus is connected to the lower end of the trachea by a fistula.
 Definition
TRACHEO-ESOPHAGEAL FISTULA
Term
11.  The trachea begins at the lower border of the _____.
 Definition
CRICOID CARTILAGE (C6)
Term
12.  The trachea is lined by this type of tissue.
 Definition
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
Term
13.  The trachea is held open by _____ to _____ U-Shaped rings.
 Definition
15-20
Term
14.  The trachea is _____ inches long and _____ inch in diameter.
 Definition
5, 1
Term
15.  Each tracheal ring is incomplete posteriorly and linked by the _____.
 Definition
TRACHEALIS MUSCLE
Term
16.  The trachea ends at the _____ by bifurcating into the right and left _____.
 Definition
STERNAL ANGLE (OF LOUIS); BRONCHI
Term
17.  There is a V-shaped cartilage that marks the bifurcation of the trachea called the _____.
 Definition
CARINA
Term
18.  The esophagus lies _____ the trachea.
 Definition
BEHIND
Term
19.  The _____ to _____ tracheal rings are crossed anteriorly by the isthmus of the thyroid gland.
 Definition
2ND-4TH
Term
20.  The right bronchus is _____, _____ and _____ compared to the left.
 Definition
SHORTER, WIDER, AND MORE VERTICAL
Term
21.  Aspirated foreign bodies are more likely to go into the middle lobe of the _____.
 Definition
RIGHT PRIMARY BRONCHUS
Term
22.  The right main bronchus divides into _____, while the left divides into _____.
 Definition
3 SECONDARY BRONCHI, 2 SECONDARY BRONCHI
Term
23.  Each lobar bronchus divides within each lobe into _____.
 Definition
SEGMENTAL BRONCHI
Term
24.  Each segmental bronchus feeds a _____.
 Definition
BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENT
Term
25.  The segmental bronchus continues to subdivide until it reaches the _____.
 Definition
TERMINAL BRONCHIOLE
Term
26.  The terminal bronchioles lead to the _____, which bear a number of _____.
 Definition
RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES; ALVEOLAR SACS
Term
27.  The lungs provide a surface area for _____.
 Definition
GASSEOUS EXCHANGE
Term
28.  The surface area of the lungs is over _____m² per lung.
 Definition
40m²
Term
29.  4 components that make up the structure of a lung.
 Definition
1) APEX, 2) BASE, 3) LATERAL SURFACE, 4) MEDIAL SURFACE
Term
30.  The right lung is _____, _____ and _____ compared to the left.
 Definition
LARGER, WIDER, AND SHORTER
Term
31.  The left lung is _____, _____ and _____ compared to the right.
 Definition
SMALLER, NARROWER, AND LONGER
Term
32.  Each lung is made up of several _____ segments, which are the functional units.
 Definition
BRONCHOPULMONARY
Term
33.  Each bronchopulmomary segment is _____ in shape, with its apex directed toward the _____.
 Definition
PYRAMIDAL, HILUM
Term
34.  The right lung is made up of _____ segments.
 Definition
10
Term
35.  3 segments in the upper lobe of the right lung.
 Definition
APICAL, POSTERIOR AND ANTERIOR
Term
36.  2 segments that make up the middle lobe of the right lung.
 Definition
LATERAL AND MEDIAL
Term
37.  5 segments that make up the lower lobe of the right lung.
 Definition
SUPERIOR, LATERAL, ANTERIOR, MEDIAL AND POSTERIOR BASAL
Term
38.  The left lung may have _____ or _____ segments.
 Definition
8 or 9
Term
39.  4 segments that make up the upper lobe of the left lung.
 Definition
APICOPOSTERIOR, ANTERIOR, SUPERIOR, AND INFERIOR LINGUAL
Term
40.  4 segments that make up the lower lobe of the left lung.
 Definition
SUPERIOR, ANTERIOR, LATERAL, AND POSTERIOR BASAL
Term
41.  _____ veins drain each segment of the lung, and they empty into either the _____ or into the _____.
 Definition
INTER-SEGMENTAL VEINS; AZYGOS VENOUS SYSTEM OR PULMONARY VEINS
Term
42.  Segmental arteries are derived from the _____.
 Definition
BRONCHIAL BRANCHES OF THE AORTA
Term
43.  In the root of the lungs the bronchus lies _____ the lung, while the veins lie _____.
 Definition
BEHIND, BELOW
Term
44.  The pulmonary artery lies in the _____ anterior to the _____.
 Definition
RIGHT LUNG ROOT, BRONCHUS
Term
45.  The left pulmonary artery lies _____ to the bronchus.
 Definition
SUPERIOR
Term
46.  Each lung is surrounded by 2 layers of _____, which are continuous at he _____.
 Definition
PLEURA; ROOT OF THE LUNG
Term
47.  The _____ pleura lies against the inner aspect of the thoracic cage.
 Definition
PARIETAL PLEURA
Term
48.  The _____ pleura directly covers the lungs.
 Definition
VISCERAL PLEURA
Term
49.  The parietal pleura is sensitive to _____, and is supplied by _____ and _____nerves.
 Definition
PAIN, INTERCOSTAL AND PHRENIC NERES
Term
50.  The innervation to the visceral pleura is mainly through the _____ nerve.
 Definition
VAGUS
Term
51.  The _____ is a sleeve of pleura at the root of the lung that functions as an anatomical dead space allowing for expansion of the pulmonary veins.
 Definition
PULMONARY LIGAMENT
Term
52.  The cervical pleura is called the _____, and it extends above the _____.
 Definition
CUPOLA, 1ST RIB
Term
53.  The extension of the lung into the neck is limited by the _____.
 Definition
SUPRAPLEURAL MEMBRANE (SIBSON’S FASCIA)
Term
54.  The suprapleural membrane (sibson’s fascia) is a fibrous structure that extends from the _____ to the _____.
 Definition
C7 TP TO THE INNER BORDER OF THE 1ST RIB
Term
55.  The pleura of the thoracic cavity are supplied by branches of the _____ and _____ arteries.
 Definition
ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR INTERCOSTAL ARTERIES
Term
56.  The upper 6 anterior intercostal arteries are derived from the _____.
 Definition
INTERNAL THORACIC ARTERY
Term
57.  The internal thoracic artery is derived from the _____.
 Definition
1ST PART OF THE SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY
Term
58.  The lower 5 anterior intercostal arteries are derived from the _____.
 Definition
MUSCULOPHRENIC BRANCH OF THE INTERNAL THORACIC ARTERY
Term
59.  The 1st and 2nd posterior intercostal arteries are derived from the _____.
 Definition
COSTOCERVICAL TRUNK OF THE SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY
Term
60.  The 3rd to 11th posterior intercostal arteries are derived from the _____.
 Definition
DESCENDING PART OF THE THORACIC AORTA
Term
61.  The venous drainage of the anterior and posterior intercostal arteries is via the _____.
 Definition
AZYGOS VENOUS SYSTEM
Term
62.  Lymphatics of the lung drain from the periphery of the lungs to these 5 sets of nodes.
 Definition
1) PULMONARY, 2) BRONCHOPULMONARY, 3) TRACHEOBRONCHIAL, 4) PARA-TRACHEAL, 5) MEDIASTINAL LYMPHATIC TRUNKS
Term
63.  The azygos vein lies on the _____ side of the lower 8 thoracic vertebrae.
 Definition
RIGHT SIDE
Term
64.  The azygos vein receives the _____ and _____ veins.
 Definition
2ND-11TH POSTERIOR INTERCOSTAL AND RIGHT SUBCOSTAL VEINS
Term
65.  The azygos vein passes through the diaphragm at T12, along with the _____ and the _____.
 Definition
AORTA, THORACIC DUCT
Term
66.  The hemiazygos vein lies on the _____ of the lower 8 thoracic vertebrae.
 Definition
LEFT
Term
67.  The hemiazygos vein receives the _____ and the _____ veins.
 Definition
LEFT SUBCOSTAL AND 3-4 LOWER LEFT INTERCOSTAL VEINS
Term
68.  The _____ vein is formed by the 5th-8th left intercostal veins.
 Definition
ACCESSORY HEMIAZYGOS VEIN
Term
69.  The 1st and 2nd posterior intercostal veins may drain separately or together into the _____, which are found in the superior division of the mediastinum.
 Definition
BRACHIOCEPHALIC VEINS
Term
70.  The _____ is a fibromuscular septum that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
 Definition
DIAPHRAGM
Term
71.  Embryologically, the diaphragm is developed from these 4 origins.
 Definition
1) THE CENTRAL TENDON COMES FROM THE SEPTUM TRANSVSUM (3RD-5TH CERVICAL SOMITES), 2) PERIPHERAL RIM OF THE BODY WALL, 3) PLEUROPERITONEAL MEMBRANES, 4) DORSAL MESENTERY OF THE ESOPHAGUS
Term
72.  The muscle fibers of the diaphragm originate from these 4 areas.
 Definition
1) RIGHT CRUS FROM THE BODIES OF L1-L3, 2) LEFT CRUS FROM THE BODIES OF L1-L2, 3) THE LOWER 6 RIBS, 4) THE POSTERIOR ASPECT OF THE XYPHOID PROCESS
Term
73.  The muscular fibers of the diaphragm are inserted into the _____.
 Definition
CENTRAL TENDON
Term
74.  There are 3 major openings in the diaphragm at _____, _____ and _____ respectively.
 Definition
T8, T10, T12
Term
75.  The diaphragm is innervated by the _____ nerve.
 Definition
PHRENIC
Term
76.  The phrenic nerve is derived from these nerve roots.
 Definition
C3,C4,C5
Term
77.  The peritoneum and pleura in the center of the diaphragm is innervated by the _____ nerve.
 Definition
PHRENIC
Term
78.  The peritoneum and pleura in the periphery of the diaphragm are supplied by the _____.
 Definition
LOWER 6 INTERCOSTAL NERVES
Term
79.  The condensation of fascia over the psoas muscle is called the _____.
 Definition
MEDIAL ARCUATE LIGAMENT
Term
80.  The _____ is the condensation of fascia over the quadratus lumborum.
 Definition
LATERAL ARCUATE LIGAMENT
Term
81.  The _____ connects the right and left crura, and arches over the aorta.
 Definition
MEDIAN ARCUATE LIGAMENT
Term
1.     3 pathologies that can affect the tracheobronchial tree.
 Definition
1) ASTHMA, 2) BRONCHIECTASIS, 3) KARTAGENER’S SYNDROME
Term
2.     _____ is a condition that affects the tracheobronchial tree that consists of reversible bronchospasms due to hypersensitivity of the bronchi.
 Definition
ASTHMA
Term
3.     3 extrinsic causes of asthma.
 Definition
1) ALLERGENS, 2) ECZEMA, 3) HAY FEVER
Term
4.     _____ is an intrinsic cause of asthma.
 Definition
EXERCISE
Term
5.     When one has asthma, there is bronchial mucosa _____ and _____ of the bronchial smooth muscle.
 Definition
INFLAMMATION, CONSTRICTION
Term
6.     If one has asthma, _____ and _____ will be found in sputum cultures.
 Definition
CURSCHMANN SPIRALS, AND CHARCOT-LEYDEN CRYSTALS
Term
7.     3 presentations of a patient with asthma.
 Definition
1) SHORTNESS OF BREATH, 2) WHEEZING, 3) SYMPTOMS WORSE AT NIGHT
Term
8.     _____ is a pathology affecting the tracheobronchial tree that causes chronic dilation of the bronchi.
 Definition
BRONCHIETASIS
Term
9.     Bronchiectasis is typically due to bronchial obstruction by _____.
 Definition
MUCOUS PLUGS
Term
10.  Bronchiectasis may be associated with _____.
 Definition
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Term
11.  This will be the main presentation in a patient with bronchiectasis.
 Definition
COPIOUS FOUND SMEEL MUCOPURULANT SPUTUM EARLY IN THE MORNING
Term
12.  _____ is a condition affecting the tracheobronchial tree that causes immotile cilia.
 Definition
KARTAGENER’S SYNDROME
Term
13.  Patients with katagener’s syndrome present with this clinical triad.
 Definition
1) CHRONIC SINUSITIS, 2) BRONCHIETASIS, 3) SITUS INVERSUS
Term
14.  _____ is a lung pathology that consists of collapse of or incomplete expansion of the alveoli.
 Definition
ATELECTASIS
Term
15.  The 3 types of atelectasis are _____, _____ and _____.
 Definition
COMPRESSION ATELECTASIS, RESORPTION ATELECTASIS, AND CONTRACTION ATELECTASIS
Term
16.  Compression atelectasis causes collapsing of the alveoli due to external pressures such as _____ and _____.
 Definition
PLEURAL EFFUSION AND PNEUMOTHORAX
Term
17.  Resorption atelectasis causes collapse to the distal end of an obstructed broncus by either a _____ or _____.
 Definition
FOREIGN BODY, OR TUMOR
Term
18.  Contraction atelectasis causes collapse of the alveoli due to _____ and a _____.
 Definition
INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS, AND A LOSS OF ELASTIC RECOIL
Term
19.  Contraction atelectasis is commonly seen in patients with _____.
 Definition
PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
Term
20.  3 conditions associated with COPD.
 Definition
1) EMPHYSEMA, 2) CHRONIC BRONCHITIS, 3) PNEUMONIA
Term
21.  _____ is a COPD condition that typically causes patients to thin.
 Definition
EMPHYSEMA
Term
22.  3 characteristics regarding emphysema.
 Definition
1) ALVEOLAR WALL IS DESTROYED, 2) LOSS OF ELASTIC RECOIL , 3) GOOD OXYGENATION
Term
23.  This type of emphysema is smoking related and it affects the respiratory bronchioles.
 Definition
CENTRIACINAR EMPHYSEMA
Term
24.  Centriacinar emphysema causes the patients to have a _____.
 Definition
BARREL-CHEST
Term
25.  This type of emphysema is hereditary and caused by an alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.
 Definition
PANACINAR EMPHYSEMA
Term
26.  Panacinar emphysema affects all _____.
 Definition
PULMONARY ACINI
Term
27.  Panacinar emphysema leads to the destruction of _____ in the alveolar wall.
 Definition
ELASTIC TISSUE
Term
28.  _____ is a lung condition that generally causes patients to be overweight.
 Definition
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
Term
29.  4 clinical presentations of a patient with chronic bronchitis.
 Definition
1) CHRONIC COUGH THAT LASTS LONGER THAT 3 MONTHS FOR 2 CONSECUTIVE YEARS, 2) BRONCHIAL GLAND HYPERPLASIA DUE TO INFECTION, 3) CYANOSIS, 4) RIGHT SIDED HEART FAILURE
Term
30.  _____ is inflammation of the lung tissue.
 Definition
PNEUMONIA
Term
31.  In lobar pneumonia, there is inflammation of a lobe with _____ then _____ hepatization.
 Definition
RED THEN GREY
Term
32.  _____ is the microorganism the causes lobar pneumonia.
 Definition
STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE
Term
33.  This type of pneumonia consists of patchy inflammation of both lungs, usually in the bases.
 Definition
BRONCHOPNEUMONIA
Term
34.  This type of pneumonia is the only one that always affects both lungs.
 Definition
INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA
Term
35.  2 microorganisms that can cause interstitial pneumonia.
 Definition
1) MYCOPLASMA, 2) CHLAMYDIA PNEUMONIAE
Term
36.  This type of pneumonia generally affects patients with a compromised immune system (HIV/AIDS).
 Definition
PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECL PNEUMONIA (PJP)
Term
37.  Pneumocystis jirovecl pneumonia causes a _____ appearance on chest x-rays
 Definition
GROUND GLASS
Term
38.  _____ cause pus-filled cavities in the lungs.
 Definition
LUNG ABSCESS
Term
39.  2 microorganisms that typically cause lung abscesses.
 Definition
1) STAPH AUREUS, 2) KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE
Term
40.  Lung abscesses are typically seen in patients who are _____ or _____.
 Definition
ALCOHOLICS, OR EPIPLEPTICS
Term
41.  _____ are occupational lung diseases caused by the inhalation of inorganic industrial particles.
 Definition
PNEUMOCONIOSIS
Term
42.  _____ is a pneumoconiosis caused by coal dust in coal miners.
 Definition
ANTHRACOSIS
Term
43.  _____ is a pneumoconiosis caused by silica dust in quarry workers (quartz and sand).
 Definition
SILICOSIS
Term
44.  _____ is a pneumoconiosis caused by asbestos fibers in miners.
 Definition
ASBESTOSIS
Term
45.  Asbestosis increases ones chance of developing _____.
 Definition
MESOTHELIOMA
Term
46.  _____ is a pneumoconiosis caused by iron dust in iron miners.
 Definition
SIDEROSIS
Term
47.  _____ is pneumoconiosis with progressive pulmonary fibrosis in rheumatoid arthritis.
 Definition
CAPLAN’S LUNG
Term
48.  _____ are allergic lung reactions caused by organic dust.
 Definition
HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS
Term
49.  _____ is a hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by cotton dust from mill workers.
 Definition
HYSSINOSIS
Term
50.  _____ is a hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by moldy fibrous waste (bagasse) in sugar cane workers.
 Definition
BAGASSOIS
Term
51.  _____ is a hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by moldy hay in farmers.
 Definition
FARMER’S LUNG
Term
52.  _____ is a hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by nitrogen dioxide in corn-filled silos.
 Definition
SILO-FILLER’S LUNG
Term
53.  _____ is a type IV hypersensitivity reaction with non-casseous granulomas with epithelioid macrophages.
 Definition
SARCOIDOSIS
Term
54.  3 clinical presentations of a patient with sarcoidosis.
 Definition
1) BILATERAL HAIR LYMPHADENOPATHY, 2) PULMONARY FIBROSIS-DYSPNEA, 3) DRY COUGH
Term
55.  Sarcoidosis may affect the spleen, eyes, nerves or skin and produce these 4 conditions.
 Definition
1) SPLENOMEGALY, 2) UVEITIS, 3) BELL’S PALSY, 4) ERYTHEMA NODUSUM
Term
56.  _____ are red painful bumps over the shins.
 Definition
ERYTHEMA NODUSUM
Term
57.  Sarcoidosis will cause elevated _____ due to an increased conversion of Vitamin D in the epithelioid macrophages.
 Definition
SERUM CALCIUM
Term
58.  Sarcoidosis is associated with raised levels of _____ in 40-80% of patients, which is produced by the epithelioid cells in the granulomas.
 Definition
ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME (ACE)
Term
59.  Ghon focus tuberculosis is caused by _____ in the lungs.
 Definition
CASSEOUS GRANULOMAS
Term
60.  The casseous granulomas causing ghon focus tuberculosis are _____ and _____.
 Definition
EPITHELIOID CELLS AND LANGERHAN’S GIANT CELLS
Term
61.  Epithelioid cells are _____.
 Definition
ACTIVATED MACROPHAGES
Term
62.  Ghon focus tuberculosis affects with the _____ or _____ of the lung.
 Definition
LOWER PART OF THE UPPER LOBE, OR UPPER PART OF THE LOWER LOBE
Term
63.  Ghon complex tuberculosis consists of peripheral _____ with the involvement of _____.
 Definition
GHON FOCUS, REGIONAL LYMPH NODES
Term
64.  Ghon complex tuberculosis is seen in _____.
 Definition
PRIMARY TUBERCULOSIS
Term
65.  _____ are fused epithelioid cells with the nuclei arranged in a horse-shoe pattern.
 Definition
LANGERHAN’S GIANT CELLS
Term
66.  _____ are commonly heard in patients who have secondary tuberculosis.
 Definition
APICAL CAVITATIONS
Term
67.  _____ is the most common lung cancer associated with cigarette smoking, mining, or living in industrial cities.
 Definition
BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA
Term
68.  _____ cells are the most common cell type involved in bronchogenic carcinoma.
 Definition
SQUAMOUS CELLS
Term
69.  Bronchogenic carcinoma is more common in _____.
 Definition
MALES
Term
70.  3 presentations of a patient with bronchogenic carcinoma.
 Definition
1) CHRONIC COUGH, 2) HEMOPTYSIS, 3) WEIGHT LOSS
Term
71.  A patient with bronchogenic carcinoma may present with these SPHERE symptoms.
 Definition
S- SUPERIOR VENA CAVA SYNDROME, P- PANCOAST TUMOR, H- HORNER’S SYNDROME, E- ENDOCRINE DISORDERS, R- RECURRENT LARYNGEAL DAMAGE, E- PLEURAL OR PEICARDIAL EFFUSIONS
Term
72.  _____ causes about 25% of lung cancers and it is associated with ectopic hormone production.
 Definition
SMALL CELL LUNG CARCINOMA
Term
73.  Small cell lung carcinoma is also called an _____.
 Definition
OAT CELL CARCINOMA
Term
74.  These 3 ectopic hormones are associated with small cell lung cancer.
 Definition
PARATHORMONE, ACTH, ADH
Term
75.  _____ is a bronchogenic carcinoma in one of the lung apices.
 Definition
PANCOAST TUMOR
Term
76.  A pancoast tumor may invade these 4 places.
 Definition
1) ROOTS OF THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS, 2) FIRST RIB, 3) SYMPATHETIC TRUNK, 4) SUBCLAVIAN VEIN OR ARTERY
Term
77.  A pancoast tumor may cause _____ due to damage of the sympathetic trunk in the neck.
 Definition
HORNER’S SYNDROME
Term
78.  Horners syndrome is classified by causing these 3 things.
 Definition
1) PTOSIS, 2) ANHYDROSIS, 3) MIOSIS
Term
79.  _____ is having air within the pleural cavity.
 Definition
PNEUMOTHORAX
Term
80.  3 causes of a pneumothorax.
 Definition
1) SPONTANEOUS, 2) SECONDARY, 3) TENSION
Term
81.  If one has a tension pneumothorax, the trapped air in the pleural space cannot escape and builds up in the space causing _____ away from the affected side.
 Definition
MEDIASTINAL SHIFT
Term
82.  _____ is having a pus-filled pleural cavity.
 Definition
EMPYEMA
Term
83.  Empyemas occur secondary to _____ in the lungs.
 Definition
BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
Term
84.  _____ is a fluid filled pleural cavity that may be an exudate or a transudate.
 Definition
PLEURAL EFFUSION
Term
85.  Exucate pleural effusions are a result of _____.
 Definition
LOCALIZED INFLAMMATION
Term
86.  Transudate pleural effusions are related to _____.
 Definition
SYSTEMIC DISEASE
Term
87.  _____ is used to distinguish between exudate and transudate pleural effusions.
 Definition
PROTEIN CONTENT
Term
88.  A _____ pleural effusion has more protein.
 Definition
EXUDATE
Term
89.  Exudate pleural effusions are seen in these 4 conditions.
 Definition
1) PNEUMONIA, 2) TUBERCULOSIS, 3) LUNG CANCER, 4) PULMONARY EMBOLISM
Term
90.  Transudate pleural effusions are seen in these 4 conditions.
 Definition
1) CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, 2) NEPHROTIC SYNDROME, 3) RENAL FAILURE, 4) LIVER FAILURE
Term
91.  _____ is a malignant tumor if the pleura associated with a prolonged exposure to asbestos.
 Definition
MESOTHELIOMA
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