Term
| Name three reasons for hospitals QC and QA programs |
|
Definition
| To get JCAHO accredidation. To assure quality patient care. To recieve payment from insurance carriers. |
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|
Term
| Number 1 reason for QA program? |
|
Definition
| To assign responsibility. |
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Term
|
Definition
| How the interpretation matches the outcome diagnosis |
|
|
Term
| What are the three steps of Quality Control. |
|
Definition
| Aceptance testing, performance monitoring, and maintenance. |
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|
Term
| Minimum required filtration |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The collimator must be alligned to within... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 3 tools that can be used to check focal spot size (+ what else can be used) |
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Definition
| pinhole camera, star pattern, slit camera. Also, line pair test tool can be used. |
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Term
| kVp should be within what of the kVp indicated on the console. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Exposure timer should have an accuracy of what for 10ms or less? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of exposure linearity? |
|
Definition
| The radiation output should be constant gor various combinations of mA and time. |
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Term
| Intensifying screens check for good contact using what? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| In fluroscopy, entrance skin exposure should not exceed what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Entrance Skin Exposure in Cine exams should not exceed what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you test for noise and uniformity in CT? |
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Definition
| Tested with a water bath daily. |
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|
Term
| True or False? The Maximum ESE for CT is 10 rads/min? |
|
Definition
| False, no patient dose is specified. |
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Term
| What 4 things should be checked daily on processors? |
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Definition
| Sensitometric measurements, water and chemical temperatures, replenishment tank levels, and crossover racks. |
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|
Term
| What is the cause of most repeats? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Warped Cassettes, improper grid positioning, patient motion, and an object that is not part of the radiographed anatomy are all examples of what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| A greasy appearance on the film is caused by what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Guide shoe marks are what? |
|
Definition
| A Processing artifact when there are marks on the leasding or trailing edge of the film it means the guide shoes are improperly positioned. |
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|
Term
| Pi lines occur where and why? |
|
Definition
| Occur at 3.146" intervals due to added sludge on the wheels. |
|
|
Term
| A bicolored stain can be called a what and a what? |
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Definition
| A curtain effect and a dichroic stain. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are kink marks formed? |
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Definition
| Always from bending or rough handling. NOT fingernails. |
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|
Term
| Low humidity can cause what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| High humidity causes what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Fluroscopy proves real time/______ viewing of anatomic structures. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Fluroscopy tubes operate at _____mA or less. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The image intensifer in fluro brings light up to a _________ level. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Rods are used at _______ and are sensitive to _____ light. |
|
Definition
| Used at nightime, sensitive to low lght. |
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|
Term
| Visual Accuity is greatest in the _____? |
|
Definition
| Fovea Centralis where the cones are located. |
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|
Term
| Where in the image intensifier is the conversion of x-rays into light photons? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Light produced at the output phosphor has been increased _______ the light it was at the input phosphor. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Image intensifier's are identified by the diameter of its __________? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The number of light photons emited with in the image intensifier is directly proportional to the _____? |
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Definition
| Amount of xray photons exiting the patient. |
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|
Term
| The input layer/phosphor is made of? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Kinetic energy of photo electrong in the image intensifier is increased by the ...? |
|
Definition
| potential difference across the tube. |
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|
Term
| The ablity of the image intensifier to increase the illumination level is called ? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Minification gain x flux gain = |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the only simple molecule in the body? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 80% of the human structure is made up of this? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The production of large molecules from small ones is known as? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzymes, Hormones, and Antibodies |
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|
Term
| Hormones are secreted from the... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Carbohydratesprovide fuel for... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RNA is located primarily in the... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most radiation sensitive target molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells are responsible for reproductive cells and genetic traits? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells reproduce only their own cell such as blood? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of teh cell digests cellular fragments? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ holds the genetic message |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the process of protein synthesis |
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Definition
| The Codon holds the message of what the cell needs, the mRNA takes the codon through the endoplasmic reticulum to the ribosome. tRNA finds the amino acids in the cell then goes back to the ribosome. |
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|
Term
| When a cell is not going through mitosis or meiosis it is in what phase? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which phase is it when DNA is replicated into 2 identical daughter DNA cells. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the first phase of mitosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What phase can chromosomes be studied for radiation damage? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Meiosis results in cells with.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mitosis is for what and meiosis is for what? |
|
Definition
| Mitosis is for somatic cells, replicating themselves. Meiosis is for germ cells or genetic cells that pass on the genetic code. |
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|
Term
| Most tissue in the body is composed of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electrons hit what after leaving the anode in fluroscopy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False? Bone Marrow is more sensitive that skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three names for immature cells? |
|
Definition
| Undifferentiated, Precursor, and Stem |
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|
Term
| True or false? Immature cells are more radiosensitive than mature cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most highly radiosenstive tissues will respond to ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most radiosensitive tissues in the body are... |
|
Definition
| Lymphatic, bone marrow, and gonads |
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|
Term
|
Definition
100 rads
10 rads
1 rads
.1 rad |
|
|
Term
100 rems=
10 rems=
1 rems=
.1 rems= |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the law of Bergoni and Tribondeau? |
|
Definition
| Tissues vary with maturation and metabolism |
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|
Term
| The rate at which energy is transerred from ioinzing radiation to soft tissues per unit length of track is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diagnostic xrays are measured at ___ keV/um |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As the LET increases, the ____ increases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diagnostic xrays = RBE of ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do we have protraction and fractionated doses? |
|
Definition
| To allow for patient recovery, to allow for increased amounts of radiation, and to allow for the damaged tissue to repair. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The dose is delivered continuously but at a lower dose rate over a long period of time. 1rad/hr x 600 hrs= 600rads |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the dose is delivered in equal portions at regular intervals 200rads/day x 5 days = 1000 rads |
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|
Term
| Tissues high in oxygen are more or less sensitive to radiation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypoxic conditions cause tissues to be more or less sensitive to radiation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Humans are most radiosensitive during... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells can not recover after there has been... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Radioprotectors would need to be given at ________ ________ levels to be effective in radioprotection. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The possible beneficial effect of a small amount of radiation is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Radiation induced genetic damage and late effects follow a ________ ________ relationship |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Results can be ________ to estimate the low dose response from the high dose results. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the response to radiation is proportional to the dose recieved it is called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The breakage of the backbone of the long chain macromolecule is called what? (this is where the long molecule is broken into many smaller molecues) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Main Chain Scission, Crosslinking, and point lesions can or can not be reversible through intracellular repair and recovery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Irradiation that can result in disruption of single chemical bonds is known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ____ is created if a broken chromosome does not re-join. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The princible radiation interaction in the body is with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When water is irraiated it breaks into other molecular products is known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When an ionizing event occurs on the target molecule it is known as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When an ionizing event occurs on a distant non critical molecule it is known as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Base changes may or may not be reversible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what stage of development are we the most sensitve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For a cell o die after radiation exposure the target moleucle must be _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lethal effets of radiation are determined by observing cell survival or cal death? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uf a randolmlydistributed dose is sufficient enough to kill 63% of the colony with 37% surviving. |
|
|
Term
| the ability of a cell to recover from sublethal damage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acute radiation follows a _____ dose response? |
|
Definition
| A non-linear threshold dose response |
|
|
Term
| Hematologic Death occurs at _____ Rads |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the minimum dose of radiation that is lethal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A dose of 200 rads would cause what kind of responses? |
|
Definition
| Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, leukopenia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a period where no effects are seen following the initial radiation sickness |
|
|
Term
| Immediatly following a dose of 100 rads, the victim would experience what stage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemaologic syndrom occurs at what rads and can you recover? |
|
Definition
| 200-1000 rads and you can recover |
|
|
Term
| In the GI syndrom, extreme damage is caused to what cells in the lining of the intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GI syndrome occurs at doses between... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CNS syndrom occurs at what rads? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F a dose of 25 rads will cause erythemea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1st stage of radiation lethality is what? At what doses does this occur? |
|
Definition
| Prodromal. Above 100 rads or 1Gy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The whole bodydose of radiation that causes 50% of the irradiated subjects to die wihin 60 days |
|
|
Term
| The LD 50/60 for humans is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What creature is the most radioresistant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High doses of radiaion to a localized area can lead to... |
|
Definition
| reduction in size and shrinkage |
|
|
Term
| Skin effects follow a _______ response relationship |
|
Definition
| non linear, threshold dose |
|
|
Term
| At what rads does erythemea begin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Permenant hair loss begins at _____ rads. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The dose rquired to cause erythema in 50% of those irradiated. Dose is 500 rads |
|
|
Term
| What dose can cause gonadal disfunction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ovaries are most sensitive during... |
|
Definition
| fetal life AND early childhood |
|
|
Term
| What are the most radiosensitive cells in the hempoietic system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Any chromosome aberation to the DNA represents... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Single hit aberatons are a ______ dose response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Multi ht aberations are a ______ dose response> |
|
Definition
| Non linear, threshold dose |
|
|
Term
| radiation protection is based on late or early effects of radiation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stochastic (def and threshold/non threshold) |
|
Definition
| Increasing incidence of response with increasing dose. Non threshold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Directly related to the dose received. Increasing severity with increasing dose. Threshold relationship. |
|
|
Term
| Epidemiologic studies requires.... |
|
Definition
| millions of people to do a low dose study |
|
|
Term
| Skin and cataracts effects are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chromosomes are an effect of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can low doses of radiation cause chromosome damage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For cataracts, acute xray exposure of 200 rads would cause what relationship |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Observed cases divided by the expected dose. A relative risk below 1 suggests a reduced risk or hormesis |
|
|
Term
| Atomic Bomb survivors followedd a what response relationship with Leukemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leukemia has a latent period of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ankylosing Spondylitis patients began dying from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Difficult to link cancer to radiation expsure because... |
|
Definition
| it occurs in high proportion naturally in the population |
|
|
Term
| Patients treated with radiation to the thymus gland later showed excess risk for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Radium Watch Dial painters developed what kind of cancer... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Low dose chronic irradiation does/does not impair fertility? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The practice of providing radiationprotection for radiation workers and the public is known as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first radiation physicists worked with the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cardinal priciples of radiation protection |
|
Definition
| time, distance, shielding |
|
|
Term
| NCRP makes __________ regarding dose limits, and it is derived from? |
|
Definition
| National Council on Radiation Protection make recommendations. It is derived from BEIR and NSC reports. |
|
|
Term
| Whole Body Dose Limits are based on a ... |
|
Definition
| Linear, nonthreshold dose response |
|
|
Term
| Basic Annual effective dose limit for occupation exposure is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effective dose takes into account... |
|
Definition
| Different types of raiation and RBE and the radiosensitive of various tissues and organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pregnant techs dose limits per month and per year |
|
Definition
| 50 mRem/mo or 500 mRem/yr (5 mSv/yr) |
|
|
Term
| Pregnant patients can be radiographed it is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A reasonable safeguard for pregnant women is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Xray tube housing leakage radiation must be less than |
|
Definition
| 100mR/hrat 1 meter from the housing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SID indicator must be accurate to within... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Collimator light must be accurate to within... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PBL must be accurate to within |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Minimum filtration requirement for machines operating above 70 kVp is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The output intensities of reproduced exposures should not vary more than 5% is known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Measures the relationship between the output intensities of adjacent mA stations. Should not vary more than 10% |
|
|
Term
| Source to skin distance should not be less than ____ on stationary units. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primary Protective Barrier in flurosopy is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Automatic Collimation must proved an unexposed border around the image... |
|
Definition
| AT ALL HEIGHTS above the tabletop. |
|
|
Term
| Bucky Slot and Protective Curtains must be covered with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cumaltive timer is designed to make the fluroscopist |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Scatter radiation intensity 1 meter from the patient is approx ____ of the intensity of the useful beam at the patent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Controlled area is occupied primarily by.. |
|
Definition
| radiology personnel AND patients |
|
|
Term
| Precise calibration of the ouput intensity of the xray tube is calculatd using... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ionization chambers, proportional counters, and geiger-muller detectors are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most accurate and sensitive personnel monitoring device with a wide range of sensitivity? |
|
Definition
| Optically Stimulated Luminescence |
|
|
Term
| Exposure to techs and radiologists is recorded in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Radiation dose to patients is recorded in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exposure refers to radiation intensity in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dose measures the radiation energy absorbed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mobile xray and fluroscopy |
|
|
Term
| T/F Walls of a mammo room usually require no lead shielding |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nursing personnel who are infrequently exposed do/do not need monitoring. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Patient dose can be reported as three things: |
|
Definition
| Entrance Skin Exposur, Gonadal Dose, and Bone Marrow |
|
|
Term
| In Mammography, when a grid sused Gonadal Dose should not exceed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Occupational Radiation Monitoring Report must always include |
|
Definition
| current exposure, cumulative annual exposure, and employees birthdate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The best way to restrain a patient is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unnecessary exams are done on |
|
Definition
| TB screening, CXR for all hospital admissions, CXR for pre-employmet, and CXR for annual physics |
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