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| atoms lose electrons; they become deficient in negative charges and, therefore, behave as positively charged atoms |
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| which electron has the greatest binding energy to the nucleus? |
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| The binding energy is the attraction between the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom |
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| X-rays differ from light in that they |
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| the number of oscillations or waves passing a point per second is known as the |
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| X-rays belong to that large group of radiations known as |
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Definition
| electromagnetic radiations |
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| which form of electromagnetic radiation has the shortest wavelength? |
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Definition
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Definition
| carry the energy of electromagnetic radiation |
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| which is the location in which thermionic emission occurs? |
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| Which is NOT related to heat dissipation in an x-ray generating tube? |
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Definition
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Term
| the transformer used to heat the filament of the x-ray tube is |
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Definition
| the step down transformer |
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Term
| at diagnostic levels, what percent of the electron energy is converted to radiation at the anode? |
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Definition
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| which component of the x-ray machine would have an indicator light for the on-off switch and an indicator light for the exposure button? |
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Definition
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Term
| the electron cloud is generated by the |
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Definition
| tungsten filament in the cathode |
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Term
| the x-ray unit in the dental office in which you are employed works at 70kvp and 7mAs. Which transformer is used in the x-ray machine to increase the voltage from the incoming 110- or 220-line voltage to meet the kvp for this machine? |
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Definition
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Term
| thermionic emission of electrons occurs at the |
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Definition
| tungsten filament in the cathode |
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Term
| which of the following statements is true of general radiation? |
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Definition
| it is also known as braking (bremsstrahlung) radiation |
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Term
| which of the following describes the relationship of the central ray to the film and long axis of the tooth in the paralleling technique? |
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Definition
| 90 degrees to the film and long axis of the tooth |
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Term
| when the bisecting technique is used, which of the following angles is bisected? |
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Definition
| the angle formed by the film and the long axis of the tooth |
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Term
| the primary diagnostic use of horizontal bitewing x-rays is to view |
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Definition
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| to view areas of moderate to severe bone loss, the hygienist would decide to take which of the type of film series? |
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Definition
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| state and federal laws require that dental x-ray machines operating below 69 kvp have a minimum total (inherent plus added filtration) of (?)mm of aluminum filtratin |
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Definition
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Definition
| restricts the size and shape of the x-ray beam |
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| radiographs enable the dental professional to see (?) conditions that may otherwise go undetected |
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| patients may have reasonable access to their radiographs if |
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Definition
| they are changing dentists, having a consult with a specialist, or needed for litigation against the dentist |
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Term
| what will require adhering to infection control protocol for a semi-critical object? |
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Definition
| a film mount and counter top |
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Term
| legally, radiographs are the property of |
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Definition
| the dentist who originally prescribed the radiographs |
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| what does not play a role in gaining patient confidence and cooperation |
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Definition
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| what will benefit most from using film packets with a protective barrier? |
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Definition
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Term
| the Consumer- Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act was |
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Definition
| designed to protect patients from unnecessary radiation |
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Term
| what are forms of nonverbal communication? |
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Definition
| facial expressions, body movements and listening |
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Term
| policies and procedures used to reduce the chances a patient will file legal action against the oral health care team is known as |
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Definition
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Term
| after aseptically removing the barriers, film packets that were packaged inside barrier envelopes may be processed with clean, dry hands because the film packets are not contaminated |
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Definition
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Term
| what is an attitude that is likely to gain patient trust and respect |
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Definition
| this is an easy procedure, but i need your help by slowly closing |
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Term
| after patient treatment, reusable image receptor holding devices must be |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an electron is slowed down as it passes near or strikes the nucleus of an atom |
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Term
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Definition
| as an electron changes shells, it assumes the characteristics of the next shell |
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Term
| coherent scatter radiation |
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Definition
| occurs with low energy photons and the direction of the x-ray photon is changed |
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Term
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Definition
| 30% of interaction of matter is produced this way |
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Term
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Definition
| results from an x-ray photon colliding with a loosely bound electron |
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Term
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Definition
| the cooling system of the x-ray tube |
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Term
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Definition
| the portion of the cathode that contains the electron cloud |
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Definition
| the portion of the anode where radiation is produced |
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Term
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Definition
| the positive side of the x-ray tube |
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Term
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Definition
| the negative side of the x-ray tube |
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Term
| An organ that if damaged diminishes the quality of an individual's life is termed a: |
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Definition
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Term
| The latent period in radiation biology is the period of time between |
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Definition
| exposure to x-radiation and clinical symptoms |
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Term
| long-term effects are seen with (?) amounts of radiation absorbed in a (?) period |
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Definition
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| Radiation injuries that are not seen in the person irradiated but occur in future generations are termed |
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Which of these is considered a short-term outcome following radiation exposure?
A) genitc defect
B) cataracts
C) acute radiation syndrome
D) leukemia cancer |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is an uncharged molecule, has an unpaired electron in the outer shell, is highly reactive and unstable, combines with molecules to form toxins |
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Term
Which of the following is most susceptible to ionizing radiation?
A) bone tissue
B) small lymphocyte
C) muscle tissue
D) nerve tissue
E) epithelial tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| describe the response of tissues to radiation? |
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Definition
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Which one,because of its relative radioresistancy is NOT considered critical for dental radiography?
A) Mandible
B) Lens of the eye
C) spinal cord
D) thyroid gland |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is considered radioresistant?
A) immature reproductive cells
B) young bone cells
C) mature bone cells
D) epithelial cells
E) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
| A biological response is based on the "probability" of an occurrence rather than the severity of the change, it is called |
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Definition
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Term
| The sensitivity of tissues to radiation is determined by |
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Definition
| mitotic activity, cell differentiation, and cell metabolism |
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Term
| Which factors contribute to radiation injury? |
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Definition
| total dose, dose rate, cell sensitivity, and age |
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Term
| Direct radiation injury occurs when |
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Definition
| x-ray photons hit critical targets within a cell |
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Term
| Indirect radiation injury occurs when |
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Definition
| x-ray photons are absorbed and form toxins |
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Term
| The traditional unit for measuring x-ray exposure in air is termed |
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Definition
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Term
| The unit for measuring the absorption of x-rays is termed |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the correct conversion.
A) 1 R = 2.58 × 10−4 C
B) 1 rad = 0.1 Gy
C) 1 rem = 0.1 Sv
D) 1 Gy = 10 rads
E) 1 Sv = 10 rem |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following traditional units does not have an SI equivalent?
A) rad
B) rem
C) QF
D) roentgen
E) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the correct conversion(s).
A) 1 R = 2.58 × 10−4 C
B) 1 Gy = 100 rads
C) 1 Sv = 100 rem
D) 1 rem = rad × QF
E) all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
| Identify the average dose of background radiation received by an individual in the United States. |
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Definition
| 150-360 mrads (0.0015-0.0036 Gy) |
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Term
The amount of radiation exposure an individual receives varies depending on which of the following factors:
A) film speed
B) collimation
C) technique
D) exposure factors
E) all of the above |
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| The unit dose measurement of a single "F" speed film is 2.5 mGy. What is the unit dose for a 19 film series in SI units? |
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Definition
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Term
| The unit dose measurement of a single "F" speed film is 2.5 mGy. What would the unit dose measurement be for a 4 bite-wing series in SI units? |
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Definition
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Term
| The unit dose measurement of a single "F" speed film is 2.5 mGy. What would the unit dose measurement be for a 4 bite-wing series in traditional units? |
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Definition
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Term
| The unit dose measurement of a single "F" speed film is 2.5 mGy. What would the unit dose measurement be for a FMX series (19 films) in traditional units? |
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Definition
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Term
| You have just finished taking a modified FMX of 15 films instead of 18 films. The unit dose measurement is 35.1 mSv for 18 films. What is the unit dose for a single film? |
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Definition
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Term
| You have just finished taking a modified FMX of 15 films instead of 18 films. The unit dose measurement is 35.1 mSv for 18 films. Now convert the 15 films series dose to traditional units. |
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Definition
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Term
| You have just finished taking a modified FMX of 15 films instead of 18 films. The unit dose measurement is 35.1 mSv for 18 films. Now convert to traditional units for 4 bite-wings. |
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Definition
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Term
| A radiograph with many light and dark areas with very few shades of gray is produced with |
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Definition
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Term
| In dental radiography, the quality of the x-ray beam is controlled by |
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Definition
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| A diagnostic image is produced using 90 kVp and .25 seconds. Your patient is a very small adult female so you decide to turn the kVp to 75kVp. What will your new exposure time be if you want to keep the same quality film? |
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Definition
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| A patient whose radiographs must be taken utilizing the bisecting technique. The radiographer decides to replace the 16 in pid to an 8in pid. Currently the impulse setting, is 16. What would the new impulse setting be for the 8 in pid? |
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Definition
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| A diagnostic image is produced using 10 mA and .65 seconds. You have a patient with a rather thick (fatty) neck. You choose to increase the mA to 15mA. What will the new exposure time be if you still want the same image quality? |
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Definition
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Term
| The lengh of the position -indicating device PID is changed from 16 inches to 8 inches. The resultant intensity of the beam will be |
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Definition
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Term
| If kilovoltge is decreased with no other variations in exposure factors, the resultant image will |
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Definition
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Term
| A radiograph that has many light and dark areas with few shades of gray is said to have |
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Definition
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Term
| The overall blackness or darkness of an image is termed |
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Definition
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Term
| Increasing milliamperage alone results in an image with |
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Definition
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| Assume the following exposure factors are in use 10 mA, 0.4 sec @ 90 kVp, 16 in target-film distance.If the mA are increased to 15 and the kVp and target –film distance is remain the same what would my new time be? |
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Definition
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Term
| Increasing milliamperage results in an increase in |
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Definition
| temperature of the filament and number of x-rays produced |
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Term
| The total energy contained in the x-ray beam in a specific area at a given time is termed |
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Definition
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Term
| The half-value layer is the amount of |
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Definition
| aluminum needed to reduce the x-ray beam intensity by half |
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Term
| Our machine is set at 65 kVp and exposure time is 2.5 impulses. We increase the kVp to 85 what will be our new exposure setting? |
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Definition
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