Term
Hereditary Disease involving all exocrine galnds with a 90% mobidity rate when involved with the respiratory system. Most common among caucasion children.
Symptoms include excessive mucus secretions from Exocrine Glands, 2-3 times amount of persperation, large foul smeeling stool from digestive impairment. Pancreatic enzymes are not able to aid in degestion
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Definition
Cystic Fibrosis
(Causes, Symptoms) |
|
|
Term
Cystic Fibrosis
(Radiographic Appearance) |
|
Definition
Irregular thickening of linear markings throughout the linings, when combined with the almost invariable hyperinflation, produces an appearance os severe chronic lung disease in adults. Subcutaneous emphysema.
Focal areas of lung collapse. |
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Term
Hyaline Membrane Disease
(Causes & Symptoms) |
|
Definition
An Idiopathic respiatory distress syndrome common in newborn premature infants appearing within 6 hrs of delivery.
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Term
Hyaline Membrane Disease
(Radiographic appearance) |
|
Definition
| Air Bronchogram with fine granular appearance of pulmonary parenchyma with pronounced underaeration of lung |
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Term
Croup
(Causes & Symptoms) |
|
Definition
A Vviral infection in young children producing inflammatory obstructive swelling localized to the subglottic protion of the trachea.
Barking type of cough (stridor). |
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Term
Croup
(Radiographic Appearance) |
|
Definition
| Ap projection of the lower neck will show smooth fusiform tapered narrowing of the subglottice aiway caused by the edema. |
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Term
Epiglottitis
(Causes & Effects)
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|
Definition
| Viral infection caused by haemophilus influenza in moslty children. |
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Term
|
Definition
Rounded Epiglottis shadow, thickening with the radiographic apperance of an adult thumb.
Treated with antibiotics, cortico steroids
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|
|
Term
| Which respiratory diseases with give show an air bronchogram on radiograph |
|
Definition
Hyaline Membrane Disease
Alveolar Pneumonia
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Term
Pneumonia
(Causes & Symptoms)
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Definition
| Can be caused from virus, bacteria, fungus, chemical or physical agents. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A Baceria indused pneumonia where inflammatory exudate replaces the air in the alveoli. Affected part appears solid or radiopaque spreading from one alveolus to the next involving pulmonary segments or entire lobes. |
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Term
| Bacteria that causes Alveolar Pneumonia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Alveolar Pneumonia
(Radiographic Appearance) |
|
Definition
(Radiographic Appearance)
A consolidation of lung parenchyma with little or no involvemnt of airways, and bronchogram sign, caused by bacteria. |
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Term
Bronchopneumonia
(Causes) |
|
Definition
| Bacterial infection originating in the bronchi or bronchiolar mucosa can spread to adjacent alveoli producing small pathces of consolidation creating airway obstruction leading to atelectasis and loss of lung volume. |
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Term
Broncho Pneumonia
(radiographic appearance)
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Definition
(Radiographic appearance)
small patches of consolidation seen scattered throughout the lungs, but are separated by an abundance of air containing lung tissue. No Airbronchogram present. Atelectasis will be evident if airways are obstructed.
Loss of volume |
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Term
BronchoPneumonia
(caused from) |
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Definition
| Staphylococcal Bacteria causes .... |
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Term
Intersititial Pneumonia
(Causes and Effects) |
|
Definition
| Virus and Mycoplasmal Infections that always involve both lungs inflamming the walls and lining of the alveoli and interitial supporting structures of the lung, the alveoli septa. |
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Term
Intersittial Pneumonia
(radiographic appearance) |
|
Definition
(radiographic appearance)
Produces a linear or reticular pattern, or small nodular densities, inhomogenous pattern
When untreated may cause honecomb lung, that demonstrates on ct as a cyst like spaces and dense fibrotic walls |
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Term
Lung Abscess
(definition) |
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Definition
| A necrotic area of pulmonary parenchyma containing purulent material. |
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Term
| What are causes of a lung abcess |
|
Definition
Bacterial Pnuemonia, Bronchial obstruction, aspiration, foreign body, or heatogenous spread of organisms to the lungs
Most common is Apsiration |
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Term
A common complication of aspriation can lead to...
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|
Definition
a Necrotic parenchyma becoming encapsulated by a fibrous wall, which encases the necrotic material that can create an opening into the airwaythat can expand the extent of an infection
LUNG ABCESS |
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Term
What are the symptoms of a Lung Abcess
and what is a main concern for complications |
|
Definition
Fever
cough
copius amounts of fould smelling sputum
Brain Abcess |
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Term
Lung Abcess
(radiographic appearance) |
|
Definition
This appears as a spherical density that characteristically has a dense center whitha hazy poorly defined periphery
May demonstrate air fluid level
Cavitary aspect may have thickened eall with a shaggy irregular inner margin |
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Term
|
Definition
| This can be contracted by inhalation (droplets) of Mycobacterium |
|
|
Term
| What happens in Primary infection of TB |
|
Definition
A localized inflammation lesion consisting of granulomas in the lung parenchyma and regional lymph nodes that can heal spontaneously though calcification.
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|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, a lesion constisting of granulomas in the lung parenchyma and regional lymph nodes |
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|
Term
Symptoms
This patients has shown slow progression cough with blood, and a radiograph showing a pulmonary cyst with with a necrotic swiss cheese like mass. The caseious material has liquified to form a cavity possibly containing an airfluid level |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Has a patient that has been exposed to tb show a hypersensity to a tb test within 48-72 hours |
|
Definition
Yes the patient has built up antibodies from prior exposure, this does not mean the person has active TB.
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|
Term
| What is the incubation period for TB |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How long affter a TB test do you see positive result
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|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A widespread seeding of bacteria in the lungs or in other organs reulting in th formation os small granulomas that resemble millet seeds |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Fulminant spread of bacteria through the air spaces produces a massive lobar pneumonia |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Extension of TB infection to the pleura is accomanied by pleural effusion and the formation of granulomas on visceral and parietal pleura.Thick adhesion regularly form in protracted diesease, resulting in obliterative plueural firbosis
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Expectorated TB bacilli may infect the larnyx and if swallode, cause gastrointestinal TB, usually in the small intestine and hemtogenous spread can cause TB in virtually any organ. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Which of these are caused by Bacteria
Alveola Pneumonia
Bronchiole Pneumonia
Croup
Epiglottis
TB
Pulmonary Mycosis
Cystic Fibrosis
Hyaline Membrane Disease |
|
Definition
Epliglottitis
Alveolar Pneumonia (streptococcus )
Bronchopneumonia (Staphyloccus)
Interstitial Pneumonia (also a Viral)
TB
|
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|
Term
| Seconday TB is most common in |
|
Definition
Apical and posterior portion s of upper lobe, fibrosis may cause loss of volume with diffuse poorly defined lesion
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Term
| This is typical of this disease if 1-3 cm nodule in periphery of uppe lobe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pulmonary Mycosis
(definition) |
|
Definition
Fungal infection fo the lungs
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|
Term
This fungus is found in the Ohio River Valleys
Bird droppings,
|
|
Definition
| Histoplasmosis fungus (capsulatum) |
|
|
Term
This Fungus is found in southwest desert regions
What is the name
how is it transmitted
what is the name of the syndrome |
|
Definition
Coccidiodomycosis
Coccidiodes immitus
transmitted by fungus in the air |
|
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Term
Histoplasmosis
(Radiographic appearance) |
|
Definition
(Radiographic Appearance)
singel or multiple areas of pulmonary infiltrate associated with large hilar nodes, Diffuse calcifications of liver spleen
Snowball pattern in the lungs |
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Term
Complications of histoplasmosis
Does Histoplasmosis cause pleural effusion? |
|
Definition
Obstruction of pulmonary veins, superior vena cava, pulmonary arteries, and narrowing of esophagus
Pleural effusion is rarely seen |
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Term
Coccidiodomycosis
(radiographic appearance)
also describe chronic aspects |
|
Definition
Radiographic Appearance
Consisting of small pulmonary codolidations in the periphery of the parenchyma resembeling extensive pnuemonia
Chronic: will commonly exhibit cavitation in upperlobe - resembles reinfection of TB
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Term
Wher is prime positioning for an endotracheal tube and how should head/neck orientation be positioned
Happens if the head is flexed/extended
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|
Definition
5-7 cm from carina
or 1-2 inches
fkexed - tube is pulled up, air enters stomach
extended - tube is pulled downinto right main bronchus causing atelectasis of left lung |
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|
Term
| What is the pathway for swan-ganz catheter to right pulmonary artery |
|
Definition
1.Femoral - external iliac - common iliac- IVC - RA - RV- Pulmonary trunk- RL pulmonary artery
or
2.Jugular - brachiochephalic -SCV - RA....... |
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|
Term
| Define Mycoplasma and its relationship to lung diseases |
|
Definition
Mycoplasma refers to a genus of bacteria that lack a cell wall that can cause mycoplasmal pneumonia
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Term
| Pneumoccocal Pneumonia mainly afffects which tissues/ parts of the lung and what is the generic name for this disease |
|
Definition
Alveolar Pneumonia
This type is associated with streppococcal bacteria causeing alveolar pneumonia primarily affecting the lobar regions of the lung |
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Term
| Staphylococcal Pneumonia will affect what parts of the respiratory system and what is it common name? |
|
Definition
| Bronchiopneumonia will mainly affect the bronchi airways and adjacent alveoli producing small patches of consolidation. Obstruction of the airways will lead to atelectasis. Air Bronchogram appearance will be absent. |
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|
Term
| Where is a Lung abcess most common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How does a Lung Abcess appear on a radiograph
Describe Early Staging in a Radiographic appearance
If communication with bronchial tree? |
|
Definition
The early staging will appear as a sperical density with a dense center and a hazy poorly defined periphery
Possible Air Fluid Level
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|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Lung Abcess |
|
Definition
Fever
Cough
Copious amounts of sputum |
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|
Term
| Describe a cavitary lung abcess |
|
Definition
| Thickened wall wih a shady irregular inner margin. |
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Term
| This disease involves several conditions in which there is a long term, mostl likely progressing blockage of the airways leading to an ineffective exchange of respiratory gases making breathing difficult. |
|
Definition
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diesease |
|
|
Term
| What Diseases are classifed under chronic obstrictive pulmonary disease |
|
Definition
Emphysema
Chronic Bronchitis
Asthma
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Term
This Disease is an inflammation of the bronchi causing sever coughing with prodution of sputum. 90 percent are related to smoking with other factors including pollution or comlication of respiratory infection
The walls of the bronchi and bronhioles thicken and produce viscous mucous where over time causing the mucous galnds to become hyperplasiated |
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Definition
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|
Term
Radigraphic Appearance
50% of chronic cases show no changes on CXR
There may be a generalized increase in vascular markings especially in the lower lungs.
(One finding may be the parelle or slightly tapered tublar line shadows called (tram lines) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Chronic Bronchitis |
|
Definition
Antibiotics
Bronchial dialaters reduce spams and open airways
Expectorants |
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|
Term
A chronic and dehabilitating condition with obstructive and destructive changes in small airways. An increases in the volume of air in the lungs, a big factor is cigarrette smoke.
This disease affects the acini and terminole bronhioles |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Phisiogically the cilia of the respiratory mucosa are injured and are unable to exporate foriegn particles, causing an mucosal inflammation with excess secretion blocking teh air passages.
Increase in airway resistance with a continous bronchial narrowing and loss of elasticity making it difficult to exhale stale air. Air becomes trpped in the alveloi makeing them distended. |
|
Definition
Emphysema
Physiologic effects |
|
|
Term
What are Bullae or Blebs
What are their complications
|
|
Definition
When Alveolar septa rupture destroying the walls between them, Large air sacs form, decreasing the surface for gas exchange making the haeart work harder to compensate.
Ruptured Bullae can cause air to enter the pleural space, and may cause atelctasis of the.
Bullae cause pressure to increase in all directions including surrounding the heart. |
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|
Term
| Describe the radiographic appearance of Emphysema |
|
Definition
Flattened domes of the diaphragms
Lateral biews may show increase in size of retrosternal air space (barrell chest).
Reduced number and size of peripheral arteries
Bullae
Substantial increase in Lung Volume.
End stage emphysema will have more vertical and elongated heart shadow |
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|
Term
| Describe the radiographic appearance of bullae |
|
Definition
| Air containing cystic spaces with walls of hairline thickness (1-2cm), found at apex or bases, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stop source of irritation
Medications
Physical therapy |
|
|
Term
A widespread narrowing of the airways, caused by being hypersensitive to allergens or becuase of overexertion, heat or cold exposure, and emotional upset casues a difficulty to exhale resulting in a wheezing sound.
Spasm of the smooth muscle and excess secretions of mucus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which respiratory diseases leads to excess mucus production
Pneumonia, Hyaline membrane disease, epiglottis, croup, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary mycosis, TB |
|
Definition
Cystic Fibrosis
Bronchitis |
|
|
Term
| Is asthma a disease that causes permant damage? |
|
Definition
| Ashtma if left untreated can permantly scar the bronchial structure |
|
|
Term
| What is the radiographic appearance during an acute episode of asthma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which respiratory diseases can show a normal chest xray |
|
Definition
Asthma
50% Chronic Bronchitis
Pulmonary Embolism |
|
|
Term
What is the most common malignant carcinoma affecting the respiratory system
How does this arise and what are the risk factors |
|
Definition
Bronchogenic carcinoma
Arising from the bronchial tree as a solitary nodule
Risk factors include pollution, exhaust gases, industrial fumes, and ciggarete smoking
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|
|
Term
| How Long are chest radiographs observed when monitoring growth of a legion for potential malignancy |
|
Definition
| 2 Years and up would be characteristic of a benign lesion. |
|
|
Term
What is the most common type of lung cancer
What does it cause |
|
Definition
| Squamos carcinoma arising from the major central bronchi casuing a gradual narrowing of the bronchial lumen. |
|
|
Term
| What are symptoms of Bronchogenic Carcinoma |
|
Definition
Persistant cough, hemoptysis, weight loss, anoreixa, weakness
These are late symptoms |
|
|
Term
80 percent of lung cancers are made up of
20 percent of all lung cancers are |
|
Definition
Non Small Cell Cancers
Small (oat) cell |
|
|
Term
| What is characteristic of small cell cancers |
|
Definition
| Bulky enlargement of the hilar lymph nodes, often bilaterally, |
|
|
Term
| What type of lung cancers are non-small cell lung cancers |
|
Definition
| Adenocarcinomas, Bronchiolar (alveolar) Carcinoma, and Bronchogenic carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| What is needed to detect a bronchogenic carcinoma |
|
Definition
| Sputum tests, biopsy of tumor (bronchoscopy) or needle biopsy with Ct |
|
|
Term
These characteristics describe -
Well circumscribed, peripheral solitary nodule, poorly defined mass, and multiple nodules scattered throughout lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment of Pulmonary Carcinomas |
|
Definition
Surgical has poor prognosis for bronchogenic.
Radiation and Chemo are used for Pallitive therapy
|
|
|
Term
| This Respiratory disease uses a sweat to test for excessive chloride on the skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This Respiratory disease also uses DNASE to help control pumonary infections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A progressive underaeration of the lungs resulting from a lack of surfactant that makes up the high surface tension of the lungs causing atelectasis and underinflation of the alveoli. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This respiratory disease uses positive pressure ventilators with a high concentration of oxygen, and an artificial surfactent for treatment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This Viral Upper Respiratory infection will use a cool mist therapy and in severe cases cortico steriods for treatment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This upper respiratory disease will use anitbiotics in conjuction with cortico steriods for treatment, with immediate hospitalization. Tends to affect children and is caused by the haemophilus influenza virus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This upper respiratory disease has a radiographic appearance of pulmonary or entire lobe segments of the lung consolidation in the parenchyma with little or no involvment of the airways prducing an air bronchogram sign |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This upper respiratory disease has a radiographic appearance of small patches of consolidation, opacifications scattered throughout the lungs but are separated by an abundace of air containing tissue. No prescence of an air bronchogram. Possible atelectasis if airways are obstructed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The radiographic appearance of this upper respiratory infection , produces a linear or reticular pattern in both lungs always. Ct may demonstarte honeycomb lung where cytlike spaces and dense fibrotic walls are apparent. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This appears as a spherical density having a dense center witha hazy poorly defined periphery. May show an air fluid level. The Cavitary aspect usually has a thickened wall with a shaddy irregular inner margin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This disease has a radiographic appearance with single or multiple areas of pulmonary infiltrate. Mostly in lower lung associated with hilar node enlargement. Also may have multiple soft tissue nodules scattered throughout the lungs. (Snowball Pattern) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This disease produces flu like symptoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This respiratory disease appears as small pulmonary consolidatio in the periphery of the parenchyma resembling extensive pneumonia. Chronicly wil exhibit cavitation found in the upper lobe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Chronically this disease will show a generalized increase in the broncho vascular markings of the lower lungs
May also show small parrelle or tapered tubular lines (tramlines) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
This respiratory disease appears radiographically with flattened domes of the diaphragm with reduced number and size in the peripheral arteries
Bullae formation
Lateral view shows increase in sie and lucency of retrosternal airspace
End stage will show more verticle heart and widened rib spaces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This disease shows radiographically during an acute attack as broncho narrowing, increased ling volume, flattening of the hemidiaphragms, with normal pulmonary vascular markings |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This upper resipiratory disease appears radiographically as a local increase in density, which may be segmented (platelike streaks) or Lobar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when an entire lobe of lung is affected by atelectasis |
|
Definition
| Mediastinum will shift to the affected side because of the affected lungs loss of volume. |
|
|
Term
| Can anethesia cause a dramatic increase of mucous in the lungs, enough to be problematic. Why or Why not? |
|
Definition
| Yes, anethesia can cause an irration in the bronchi causing ecsess mucous secretion that can ultimately lead to atelectasis. Normal coughing would be decreased causing a build up of mucous in the lungs. |
|
|
Term
| What is spirometry and what is it used for |
|
Definition
| Uses positive pressure to help re expand collapse of lung |
|
|
Term
The sudden onset of this respiratory disease appears radiographically as patchy ill defined areas of alveolar consolidation scattered throughout both lungs.
Size of heart remains normal, with nor evidence of redistribution of blood flow to upper zones. No air bronchogram |
|
Definition
| Adult respiratroy distress syndrome |
|
|
Term
| What is a important radiographic difference on distinguishing chest x rays from ARDS and Pulmonary Edema |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This disease where the structure of the lung completley breaks down, leading to massive leaks of cells and fluid into the interstitial and alveolar spaces. This causes sever hypoxemia |
|
Definition
| Adult respiratory distress syndrome |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common causes of ARDS |
|
Definition
| Patients with non thoracic trauma whom hypotension and shock develop |
|
|
Term
The treatment of this respiratory infection includes
Diuretics
Oxygen therapy
positive pressure ventilation
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Pneumothorax |
|
Definition
| Sudden, severe chest pain and dyspnea |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of ARDS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About how much of a pneumothorax can be missed on an Xray without expiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This respiratory disease appears as a strip of radiolucency devoid of vascular lung markings |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for a small pneumothorax |
|
Definition
| Usually will reabsorb spontaneously |
|
|
Term
| What other treatments are for pneumothorax |
|
Definition
| Chest tube drainage with suction to remove air |
|
|
Term
| This type of pneumothorax is where air constantly continues to enter the pneumothorax space without exiting, causing complete collapse of the lung and depression of the hemidiaphragm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This respiratory disease appears as blunting of normally sharp angle between the costophrenic angle, along with an upward concave border of fluid level. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What chest radiograph shouuld be taken for small pleural effusion is suspected |
|
Definition
| Routine Lateral posteriorly |
|
|
Term
| How much fluid can accumulate before blunting of the costophrenic angles occurrs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the best projection made for a person with very small pleural effusion |
|
Definition
| Lateral decubitus, affected side down |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for a Pleural Effusion |
|
Definition
|
|
