Term
A posterior defect of the birthcanal, resulting from failure of the posterior elements to fuse properly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a mild insignificant form of spina bifida and what happens with this form of abnormality |
|
Definition
| Spina bifida occulta is splitting of the bony neural canal at l5 - s1 level |
|
|
Term
| What are the side affects of large defects of the spinal canal associated with spina bifida |
|
Definition
| muscular abnormalities, lack of bladder control or bowl control, meningocele, or myelmeningocele |
|
|
Term
| Radiographic appearance of this spinal defect is associated with with large bony defects, absence of the laminae, and increased interpedicular distance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are the herniated contents in spina bifida seen radiographically |
|
Definition
| as a soft tissue mass posterior to the spine |
|
|
Term
| Which modalities can be used to image the presence of so spinal cord and nerve roots within a herniated sac from spina bifida |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When would prenatal ultrasound be utilized when concerning the spine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This abnormality of the spine uses prenatal supplements of this _______ to reduce the incidences of it occurring |
|
Definition
| Spina bifida , Folic Acid |
|
|
Term
| Which spine abnormailites usually require no treatment |
|
Definition
| SPina Bifida Occulta, meningocele |
|
|
Term
| Depending on the size and protrusion of this spine abnormality, it may require surgical repair |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This spine abnormality usually requires surgery and a shunt to prevent hydrocephalus |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| This congenital disease results from incomplete acetabulum formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sex is Congenital Hip Dysplasia more common in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Congenital Hip Dysplasia occur physiologically and mechanically |
|
Definition
| Increased hormone levels druing pregnancy and pressure ffrom the amniotic fluid as the fetus grows |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs of Congential Hop Dysplasia |
|
Definition
| Hip may pop out of place when flexed and abducted, and a click is felt or heard |
|
|
Term
| What soft tissue structures are affected with congenital hip dysplasia |
|
Definition
| Tendons and ligaments responsible for proper alignment |
|
|
Term
| This congenital disease of the pelvic area can appear as almost normal when taken AP. May have slighty larger joint space |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Congential Hip Dysplasia appear on the bilateral frog view of the pelvis |
|
Definition
| Dislocation of the leg superiorly and posteriorly |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Congenital Hip Dysplasia |
|
Definition
To Immobilizae the pelvis before walking to allow the acetabulum to continue to form
Harness or Pelvic Cast |
|
|
Term
| This is a chronic systemic disease of unkonw cause that appears primarily as a nonsupurative inflammatory arthritis of the small joints fo the hands and feet |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the average age in the onset of Rheumatoid Arthritis and what sex is more likely to be affected |
|
Definition
| 40, females 3X more likely |
|
|
Term
| This inflammatory disease has an insidous origin that can run a protracted and progressive coarse or undergo spontaneous remissions. This disease is usually symmetric involvement of the joints, leading to a crippling deformity where affected amd progresses proximally toward the trunk until every joint is involved |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the joint does Rheumatoid Arthritis begin affecting |
|
Definition
Synovial membrane
Synovitis |
|
|
Term
| What causes inflammation of the joint in Rheumatoid Arthritis |
|
Definition
| Excessive Exudate from synovitis |
|
|
Term
| What results after the Inflammation of the synovial membrane and exudate inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis |
|
Definition
| Mass of granulation tissue cause erosion of the articular cartilage and boney cortex, fibrous scarring, and development of ankylosis |
|
|
Term
| Why does erosion occur in Rheumatoid Arthritis |
|
Definition
| The inflammatory cells produce lytic enzymes. |
|
|
Term
The Radiographic appearance of this disease, involves extension of the pannuys from the synovial reflections onto the bone causes characteristic small foci of destruction at the edges of the joint, where articular cartilage is absent.
Destruction of the articular cartilage causes narrowing of the joint space |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This disease is an extremely common disorder caharcterized pathologically by loss of joint cartilage and reactive new bone formation, being part of the wear and tear of the aging process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What joints does osteoarthritis predominantly affect |
|
Definition
| Weight bearing joints (spine hip knee ankle) and interphalangeal joints of the fingers |
|
|
Term
| How does the secondary form of osteroarthritis work |
|
Definition
| Can form by a joint that has been repeatedly subjected to trauma or abnormal stresses because of orthopedic deformities, or setic or inflammatory arthiritis that destroys cartilage |
|
|
Term
| What are the early radiographic findings of Oseoarthritis |
|
Definition
| Narrowing of the joint space, caused by thinning of the articular cartilages and development of osteophytes along the margins of the articular egdes of the bones |
|
|
Term
| How would the joint space in Rheumatoid arthritis be described in radiographic appearance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the radiographic appearance of the joint space in Osteoarthritis |
|
Definition
| A more irregular and pronounced narrowing to the weight bearing stress ends |
|
|
Term
| How do the ends of the bones look in Osteoarthritis |
|
Definition
| The articular ends become increasingly dense |
|
|
Term
| This disease also appeas radiographically as erosion of the articular cortex producing typical irregular, cystlike lesions with sclerotic margins in the subchondral bone near the joint. Calcific or ossified loose bodies may develop, especially at the knee |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This disease requires protection of affectied joints, maintaing of mobility, strengthening of muscles, support devices, antiinflammatories, with rest and exercise recommended to minimize inflammation and sustain mobility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Will NSAIDS also help reduce diseas of arthirtis while reducing inflammation |
|
Definition
| No, only help reduce inflammation |
|
|
Term
| This is a bacterial infection caused bya broad spectrum of infections organisms. A hematogenous spread that reaches the bone marrow, from extension of a adjacent site of infection, or by direct introduction or organisms producing symptoms of fever, localized warmth, swelling and tenderness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Osteomyelitis begin |
|
Definition
| As an abcess of the bone, with pus spreading to the medullary cavity outward towards the surface raising the periosteum of the bone and spreading along the surface |
|
|
Term
| How long before plain radiographs show prescence of bacterial osteomyelitis |
|
Definition
| 10 days of after onset of symptoms |
|
|
Term
| What is the most valuable tool for detecting bacterial Osteomyelitis |
|
Definition
| Tc-99 in bone scanning - will represent increased nuclide uptake represents the inflammatory process and increased bloodflow |
|
|
Term
| What is the radiographic appearance of osteomyelitis |
|
Definition
| Earliest evidence in along bone is soft tissue swelling adjacent to the metaphysis. |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for osteomyelitis |
|
Definition
Antibiotics for 4-8weeks
Surgery - debridement of necrotic tissue or placement ofa drain into an abcess, and bone grafts
Antiobiotics for 3 weeks after any surgery |
|
|
Term
| This metabolic bone disease is a genrealized or localized deficiency of the bone matrix in which mass perbone unit volume is decreased in amount, but normal in composition. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What else can cause osteoporosis |
|
Definition
| Prolonged seroid administration, and prolinged disuse |
|
|
Term
| What causes luncency of the bone in osteoporosis and how much density mst be loss before being radiographically visible |
|
Definition
| Loss of mineral salts with a decrease in density of about 50 to 70 percent |
|
|
Term
| What needs to happen with technique when imaging osteoporosis |
|
Definition
| Lowest possible practical KVP for an extremely short scale of needed contrast |
|
|
Term
| What would be used to determine mineral content of bone |
|
Definition
Quatitative CT (QCT), single photon absorptiometry, and dual energy xray absorptiometry
QCT being most sensitive |
|
|
Term
| What are major causes of generalized osteoporosis |
|
Definition
aging and postmenopausal hormonal changes
Less active seniors, poor diets, deficient in protien, difiecient gonadal hormones in women
A factor of 3-5 times rate of decresed bone absorbtion to increase in resorbtion |
|
|
Term
| The radiographic appearance of this disease os cortical thinning, with irregularity and resorbtion of the endosteal surfaces. Most common with spine and pelvis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
This metabolic disease that results in a loss of bone density, will cause anterior _______ or __________ fractures of vertebral bodies, most commonly in the ______ thoracic and ______ lumbar areas
|
|
Definition
| Osetoporosis : wedging, compression , middle and lower thoracic , and upper lumbar |
|
|
Term
| What ar the treatments for Osteoporosis |
|
Definition
Weight bearing exercise for prevention
hormonal replacement therapy and dietary supplements of calcium and vitamen D
Vertebroplasty (kyphoplasty) |
|
|
Term
| This disease refers to insufficient mineralization of the adult skeleton |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How is Osetomalacia lack of balance described
|
|
Definition
| an unequal balance between osteoid formation and mre frequently, insufficient mineralization. |
|
|
Term
| What happens or can be attributed in Osteomalacias failrue of calcium and phosphorous deposition in the bone matrix |
|
Definition
| inadequate intake of, or to a failure of absorbtion of calcium, phosphorous or vitamen D |
|
|
Term
| This Bone disease appears radiographically as a loss of bone density because of the prescence of nonmineralized osteiod. A thinned cortex may stand out more than normal because of uniform deossification of medullary bone with possible fractures because of weightbearing stresses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compare the radiographic appearances of the cortical borders between osteoporosis and osteomalacia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is a systemic disease of infancy and childhood considered the equivlent of osteomalacia in the mature skeleton |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This systemic disease of ealry childhood is linked direcly to diet and lack of or defiency of vitamin D |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rickets is most common in what ages and when does it develop |
|
Definition
| Premmature infants, between 6 months to a year |
|
|
Term
| This bone disease is best seen radiographically at the fastest growing portions of the bone, (sternal ends if the ribs, and proximal ends of the tibia and humerus, and distal ends of radius and ulna |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The radiographic appearance of this disease shows and overgrowth of noncalcified osteiod tissue appearing as a characteristic increase of distance between the ossified portion of the epiphysis and the end of the shaft. The pull of connective tissue causes the metaphyseal ends to become cupped and frayed, the normally sharp metaphyseal lines can disapear |
|
Definition
| Rickets (Radiographic Appearance) |
|
|
Term
| What can happen in rickets when infants begin to put wieght bearing pressure on their bones |
|
Definition
| bowing of the bones , especially the tibia |
|
|
Term
| What are complications with the rest of the skeleton as the child ages with rickets |
|
Definition
| Bwing of the bones, beading (rachitic rosary) of sternal ends of the ribs), softening of vertebral bodies leading to kyphosis and narrowing of the pelvic inlet for females |
|
|
Term
| What is another name fo Paget's Disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pagets disease is most commonly seen in |
|
Definition
| middle life, affecting men twice as much as woman, 3 percent of all person older than 40 |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common metabolic disease of the bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This disease is characterized by a destruction of bone followed by a reparative process, resulting in weakened and thickened bony structures that tend to fracture easily |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is most effective in finding multicentric lesions of pagets disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What parts of the body does Pagets disease affect the most
|
|
Definition
| Pelvis, femurs , skull ,tibia, vertebre, clavicles, and ribs |
|
|
Term
The radiographic appearance of this bone disease has a destructive phase appearing as an area of sharply demarcated radiolucency in the skull
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Radiographically appearing in the skull if this disease, the reparative process develops irregular islands of sclerosis and cortical thickening resulting in a mottled cottonball appearance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the most commonly and intitial development of Pagets disease and how does it appear
|
|
Definition
| Pelvis - coarsening of the trabeculae along the iliac crests, producing a thickening of the pelvic brim |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment of Paget's Disease |
|
Definition
| No cure but administration of calcium can try to reduce rate of resorbtion. Anit-inflammatories to reduce damage by cell breakdown |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics between benign and malignant bone tumors when refering to surronding soft tissue |
|
Definition
| Benign tumors displace soft tissue where malignant tumors produce true soft tissue swelling |
|
|
Term
| What indicates a benign lesion of the bone |
|
Definition
| Bone expansion with intact cortex and a sclerotic margin |
|
|
Term
| This is a benign projestion of the bone with a cartilaginous cap occuring in childhood or teen years, especially about the knee. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the osteochondroma originate from |
|
Definition
| The epiphyseal plate (the ring of Ranvier) and grows laterally from the epiphysis |
|
|
Term
| What aspect of an osteo chondroma must be exemplified to considered true |
|
Definition
| Must exhibit the cortes and medullary portion as continous bone growth |
|
|
Term
| This benign bone growth runs parelle and away form the nearest joint |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is best modality to image osteo chondroma and rule out malignant conversion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This benign growth arises in the meduallary canal, expanding locally causing thinning and endeosteal scalloping of the cortex. |
|
Definition
| Enchondroma - cartilaginous tumor |
|
|
Term
| What and who do enchondroma affect most |
|
Definition
| Frequently found in children and young adults involving primarily the small bones of hand and feet. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This Benign bone growth often in children and young adults, often leads topathologic fractures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tumor composition of this benign tumor is characteristic of stippled, speckled, and ringlike or arc like calcifications within the lucent matrix. Slow Growing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
This benign tumor begins as an eccentric lucent lesion in the metaphysis, and extends to the immediate subarticular cortex of the bone but does not involve the joint
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This benign tumor is also characterized radiographically by multiple large bubbles separated by thin strips of bone as it expands toward the shaft |
|
Definition
| Giant Cell Tumor (radiographic appearance) |
|
|
Term
| This benign tumor most often arises around the outer table of the skull, having local pain that seems to become worse at night and is relieved by asprin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osteomas of the skull can be characterized by |
|
Definition
| Well circumscribed, extremely dense round lesions that are rarely larger than 2cm in diameter |
|
|
Term
| Osteoid osteomas are most common in and orginate from |
|
Definition
| femur and tiba, from osteoblastic cells , less than 1cm |
|
|
Term
| THis bone disease is radiographically characterized as small round, or oval with a lucent center, less than 1cm, surrounded by a large , dense slerotic zone of cortical thinkening |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is osteiod osteoma diagnosed |
|
Definition
| Radionucleide bone scan will differentiate between osteoid osteoma and osteomyelitis |
|
|
Term
| This is a fluid filled cyst with a wall of fibrous tissue most often occuring in proximal humerus and femur at the metaphysis. These are asymptomatic and usually discovered incidentally or as a pthologic fracture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Radiographically this bone cyst appears as Expanded lucent lesion that is sharply demarcatedfrom adjacent normal bone with an oval configuration having its long axis paralle to to the host bone. This is an asymptomatic lesion that usually appears in the proximal femur and humerus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This bone cyst consist of numerous blood filled arteriovenous communications thought to be caused by trauma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does an Anuerysmal bone cyst appear in long bones |
|
Definition
| expanssile, eccentric, cystlike lesion that causes pronounced ballooning of the thinned cortex |
|
|
Term
| Which modality best deomonstrated aneurysmal bone cyst |
|
Definition
| MRI for fluid levels and internal loculations |
|
|
Term
| In general this type of bone lesions/ these type of growths cause soft tissue swelling where the cortical bone erosion that has poorly defined or absent margin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These bone tumors generally have neoplasms that have spiculations that extend into the soft tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What modalities are used to image Malignant bone tumors |
|
Definition
| radiographs, radionucliede bone scans, PET CT MRI |
|
|
Term
This malignant bone tumor arises in the long bones metaphysis, consisting of osteoblasts which, produce osteoid and spicules of calcified bone.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most Osteogenic sarcomas appear in this age group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A prexisting bone disorder connected to Pagets disease that is Malignant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This malignant disease has symptoms of local pain, swelling, sometimes fever, wieght loss, and secondary anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The typical tadiographic appearance of this disorder appears as mixed slerotic and lesion associated with soft tissue mass, irregular periosteal reaction, and reactive new bone formation. (classic sunburst pattern). Horizontal bony spicules extend in radiating fashion into soft tissue mass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A malignant tumor of cartilaginous origin, common in the long bones of the body and is slow growing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The destruction of this malignant bone tumor is seen with punctate or amorphous calcification within its cartilaginous matrix |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This Sarcoma arises in the bone marrow of long bones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of this sarcoma include local pain increasing with time and severity, malaise and fever and may be associated with a local soft tissue mass. Patients appear sick often with fever, leukocytosis, suggestive of osteomyelitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ewings sarcoma is predominantly incidnent in what age groups |
|
Definition
| peaks in midteens, predominant in children and young adults |
|
|
Term
| Radiographic appearance of this sarcoma is an ill defined permeative area of bone destruction involving a large central portion of the shaft of a long bone with underlying medullary destruction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a disseminated malignancy of bone plasma cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This cancer of the bone is associated with bone destruction, bone marrow failure, recurrent infections, hypercalcemia, and attacks the intramedulllary canal of the diaphysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This cancer radiographically appears as a multiple punched out osteolytic lesions scattered throughout the skeletal system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This malignant cancer is bees seen on a lateral skull projection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Osteogenic Sarcomas |
|
Definition
Sugical - with or without chemo and rad therapy
30 percent cure rate |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Chondrosarcoma |
|
Definition
| Surgical Excision and radiation therapy they are not sensitive to chemotherapy |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Ewings sarcoma and multiple myeloma |
|
Definition
| chemo, but poor prognosis , most dying within three to four years, Pet is used to determine therapy |
|
|
Term
| What are the most comon malignant bone tumor |
|
Definition
Bone metestases , by means of blood stream or lymphatic vessles
|
|
|
Term
| What are the most common primary tumors |
|
Definition
| carcinomas of the breast, lung, prostate, kidney, and thyroid |
|
|
Term
| What is the best screeing for detection of asymptomatic skeletal metastases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of fracture is foudn most commonly in children and infants because of the softness of the cancellous bone. An incomplete fracture with the oppistite cortex intact |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This fracture has one cortexintact aiwht the opposite cortex with buckling or compaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
This fracture is a plastic deformation caused by stress that is too great to permit complete recovery of normal shape, but is less than the stress required to produce a fracture
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When A plane of cleavage exists in the bone without angulation or separation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Refering to a fracture with separation of bone fragments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is a displaced fx described |
|
Definition
| relationship of the distal fragment with respect to the proximal fragment and measured in terms of the thickness of the shaft |
|
|
Term
| What does an angulation fracture mean |
|
Definition
| angular deformity between major axises of the major bone fragments |
|
|
Term
| This frefers to the displacement of bone that is no longer in contact with noraml articulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is it called when only partial continuity of the joint surfaces is lost |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most common pathologic fracture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a colles fracture |
|
Definition
Fracture to the distal radius
50 percent of the time avulsion fracture through ulna styloid process |
|
|
Term
| With is the most common fracture invlolving the carpal bones |
|
Definition
| tranverse fracture of the navicular |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Rickets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Keywords: (synovial Membrane, thickened granulation tissue, symmetric joint involvement, thickened granulation tissue, ankylosis, idiopathic
What is this disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Keywords: ( Early radiographic appearance is - fusiform periarticular soft tissue swelling, hyperplastic synovial inflammation, Disuse and hyperemia, soft tissue masses) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of arthritis is know for having soft tissue masses, where are they commonly located and what are they called |
|
Definition
| Rheumatoid Arthritis, Rhuematoid nodules, on the extensor surface |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Osteomalacia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Osetochondroma |
|
Definition
| Surgical removal when mechanical impingement occurs |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatmetn for Enchondroma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Giant cell Tumor |
|
Definition
| Curettage and local resection |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment of Osteoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment of Osteoid Osteoma |
|
Definition
| Surgical removal and percutaneous epilation |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment of a simple bone cyst |
|
Definition
| no required treatment or Curettage with implantation of bone chips |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment of an aneurysmal bone cyst |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do bone islands occur |
|
Definition
| Every bone except the skull |
|
|
Term
| What is the cure for bone island |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
This fracture happens to the ring of atlas; a commuted fracture and involes both anterior and posterior arches and causes anterior and posterior displacemnet of fragments
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This fracture is an acute hyperextension of the head and neck |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is damaged with a hangmans fracture |
|
Definition
| fracture of the arch of c2 anterior to the inferior facetand usually associated with anterior subluxation of c2,c3 |
|
|
Term
| Describe a clay shovelers fracture |
|
Definition
Avulsion of a spinous process in the lower cervical or upper throacic spine
|
|
|
Term
| Describe a seatbelt fracture |
|
Definition
| tranverse fracture of a lumbar vertebra often associated with significant visceral injuries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cleft in the pars interarticularis wihtout displacement |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of the population does spondylolysis occur in and what is the most common place |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is spondylolysis called if there is displacement and how does it look radiographically |
|
Definition
| Spondylolisthesis - forward dislacement of l5 to s1 on lateral lumbar view |
|
|
