When doing a mobile chest x-ray what position should the patient be in?

Semi Erect

What is the best way to demonstrate air fluid levels?

Horizontal beam with patient completely erect.

What does ambulatory mean?

Able to walk or move.

Can you safely assume that a mobile exam will be worse than those done in the department?

No.   but have to have good SID

What is the SID range?

60" to 72"

Is it ok to use the portable machine as a radiation protetion shield?

No

What are the radiation rules for mobile radiography?

1.  Recognize a duty to protect your patient, health professionals, physicians, the public, and yourself.

2.  Request the public, health professionals, physicians, and other patient to leave the immediat area pror ot exposure.
3.  Announce in a loud voice your intent to make each exposure.
4.  Carry at least two lead aprons.
5.  Never place your hand or any other body part within the primary beam.

6.  Provide gonadal protection for your patient.

7.  Achieve maximum distance from the patient.

8.  label and handle each cassette.

Can you use AEC for mobile?

Yes

Should you have a technique chart for mobile?

One for each machine?

Yes,

Yes

What kind of grid will increase latitude in mobile radiology?

Parallel grid

What type of things do you have to worry about in surgery?

banging into equipment / stressful enviroment /

sterile field

Why are mobile procedures often more difficult than those performed using stationary units?

They are more difficult because there are many additional variables – variables that would be constants with a stationary unit – when manipulating and positioning both patient and equipment.

Who's job is it to protect the patient during an exam?

Radiographer

Maximum tube distance for portable x-ray?

60" to 72"

What grid ratios are used for portable x-ray?

5:1 or 6:1

Portable (c-arm) fluoro uses more or less mA than in the department?

Less

What should the radiographer do before bringing mobile equipment into a patient’s room?

1.  
   1. Get the patient’s permission
   2. Explain the procedure to the patient
   3. Rearrange equipment and room furnishings as needed.
      
      

What must be considered when manipulating mobile equipment in a high-technology environment?

The technologist must be sure that there is enough slack to permit movement of equipment in the room.   Care must be taken to ensure that the bed and any other equipment are not bumped by the mobile unit.   Wall-suspended television units are especially hazardous to both the x-ray tube and the radiographer’s head.

What are the two most common generators used for mobile equipment?

capacitor-discharge units and battery-powered units

What is pulse fluoro?

 takes an exposure every other second and the eye sees it as a continous moving image.   Exposre cut in 1/2.

How are fluoro tubes designed?

to use much lower mA and run for a longer periord of time.

What is the mA range for fluoro?

0.5 to 5.0 mA.

3 phase; the wave stays nearly at the desired kVp.

Do automatic brightness control systems have a fast response time?

NO

What is quantum mottle?

Grainy appearance from low mA.

What kind of tube is a video monitor?

Cathode ray tube.

Do video monitors emit low energy x-rays?

Yes

Why is fluoroscopy the domain of the radiologist?

Because it involves diagnosis during an examination.

What is the maximum exposure rate  for tabletop fluoro?

10 R/min

What is the minimum source-to-skin distance for mobile fluoro?

fixed fluoro?

12"

15"

Federal law in the Unitec States requires what every 5 minutes in fluoro?

audible timer.

What is the typical basic fluoroscopic imaging chain?

A fluoroscopic imaging chain consists of a specialized x-ray tube with an image receptor, called the fluoroscopic screen that can be viewed during an x-ray exposure.

true/false:  Magnification image intensifiers can cause decreased patient dose?

False

Why does magnification image intensifiers cause increased patient dose?

because the ABC (automatic brightness control) will increase the tube output to compensate for the loss of electrons within the image intensification tube during magnification.

What type of radiography is fluoro?

dynamic

How does a fluoroscopic x-ray differ from a diagnostic x-ray tube?

Why is an image intensification system a significant advantage over the conventional screen fluoroscopy?

It brightens the image up from the scotopic visual levels to photopic levels.   Since photopc visual acuity is about 10 time greater than scotopic acuity this allows the radiologist to better diagnose the image.

Who's domain is fluoro?

the radiologist.

What is the basic function of the fluorescent screen, the photocathode, the electrostatic lenses, and the output screen?

The fluorescent screen converts x-ray photons to light photons.
The photocathode converts the light photons to electrons.
The electrostatic lenses focus the electrons towards the anode focal point.
The output screen converts the electrons to light photons.

c-arm

1. A lead apron of at least 0.25 mm Pb/eq must be worn by all persons (other than the patient) who are present in the fluoroscopic room during exposure.  An apron designed to cove the front and sides of the body is usually sufficient although a wraparound apron for both front and back should be considered I the radiographer is required to turn his or her back to the patient and x-ray tube during the procedure.  If the hands must be placed within the primary beam, lead gloves of at least 0.25 mm Pb/eq must be worn.

x-ray photons - light photons

light photons  - electrons

to accelerate and focus electrons

brightness gain

electrons - light photons

concave

a measure of image intensity

Vignetting

9" X 9"

70mm spot film

It decreases

direct relationship

to blur the anatomy above and below the level of interest.

it increases

decreases

counter rotation

true

greater the bluring

section

section level

layer height

cut

object plane

slice

true/false:  The fulcrum controls the section level.

what doe plura directional mean?

10

15

20

25

30

40

50