Term
| In what year was it proven that exposure to radiation can indeed cause cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most thoroughly studied human carcinogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most radiation-induced cancers have what type of dose-response relationship? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Breast cancer and thyroid cancer have which type of dose-response relationship? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is radiation-induced cancer different from non-radiation-induced cancer? |
|
Definition
| It isn't - radiation does not produce a unique cancer - cancer caused by radiation exposure acts like any other cancer. |
|
|
Term
| These six types of tissues/organs are the most prone to radiation-induced cancer: |
|
Definition
1. Bone marrow
2. Breast
3. Thyroid
4. Colon
5. Lung
6. Stomach |
|
|
Term
| Which stage of radiation sickness is relatively long in radiation-induced cancers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The latent period for radiation-induced cancers can be up to ** years. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the latent period range for:
Most solid tumors?
Leukemia? |
|
Definition
Most solid tumors: 10 to 50 years.
Leukemia: 5 to 10 years. |
|
|
Term
| The most commonly occurring radiation-induced cancer is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the DRR for leukemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what dose level does the incidence level become exponential for leukemia? |
|
Definition
| Above 300 RADs (acute OR chronic) |
|
|
Term
| Which form of leukemia do adults tend to develop? Children? Which is more aggressive? |
|
Definition
Adults: Myelogenous leukemia
Children: Lymphatic leukemia - more aggressive |
|
|
Term
| What did Marie Curie and her daughter both die of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the three main sources of data we have for leukemia as a response to radiation exposure. |
|
Definition
1. Atomic bomb survivors
2. Radiologists and radiographers
3. Radiation therapy patients with ankylosing spondylitis in England 1935-1955 |
|
|
Term
| For leukemia, give the relative risks for the survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and explain why they are different |
|
Definition
Hiroshima: 5.08
Nagasaki: 2.85
Hiroshima was a Uranium bomb which emitted higher LET radiation than the Plutonium bomb used in Nagasaki |
|
|
Term
| What is the latent period and at-risk period for leukemia as a LTLE? |
|
Definition
Latent period: 5 to 10 years
At-risk period: 20 years |
|
|
Term
| Which gender is more susceptible to radiation-induced leukemia? By how much? |
|
Definition
| Males are 1.5 to 2 times more susceptible. |
|
|
Term
For radiologists and radiographers, give the relative risks of leukemia for:
1) before 1943
2) 1948-1963
3) Since 1970 |
|
Definition
1) before 1943 -- RR=10
2) 1948-1963 -- RR=2
3) Since 1970 -- RR=1 |
|
|
Term
| Give the relative risk and absolute risk for patients who received radiation therapy in England from 1935-1955 for ankylosing spondylitis. |
|
Definition
RR = 9.5
Absolute risk = 0.8/million/RAD/year |
|
|
Term
| What report summarized all the data for the three major studies done on leukemia as a LTLE? |
|
Definition
| NAS-BEIR report: National Academy of Scientists-Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation |
|
|
Term
| The NAS-BEIR report made two general statements about radiation exposure and leukemia. The are: |
|
Definition
1) A single dose of 10 RADs increases risk of leukemia by 2.6%
2) A dose of 1 RAD per year over a lifetime (75 years) increases risk of leukemia by 14%. |
|
|
Term
Thyroid cancer accounts for what percentage of all cancers worldwide?
What type of DRR does it have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For thyroid cancer, the two major studies giving data for radiation exposure are: |
|
Definition
1) Ann Arbor Study - children who received radiation to thymus gland as babies
2) Rochester Study - children who received radiation therapy for tonsillitis and acne |
|
|
Term
| Thyroid cancer (from radiation exposure) has been show to affect which gender more? by how much? |
|
Definition
| Female children 4x more than male children. |
|
|
Term
| Give the latent period and absolute risk for thyroid cancer based on the Ann Arbor and Rochester studies |
|
Definition
Latent period: 5 to 35 years
Absolute risk: 2.5/million/RAD/year |
|
|
