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What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
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| Negatrons are produced by |
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| radioactive decay and pair production |
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| photons have ____ charge and _____ mass. |
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| T/F the difference between xrays and gamma rays is that gamma rays are emitted when electrons change orbital shells and x rays are emitted from the nucleaus. |
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| Natural background radiation exposure depends on geographic location. |
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| FAlse, internal exposure is |
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| Gamma radiation travels the shortest distance in air. |
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| what is the basic functional unit of all plants and animals |
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| the ____ in the cell are nucleic acids |
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| DNA is located in the _____ in cell. |
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| The _____ have the function of cleaning the contaminants of the cell. |
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| the cell is in _____ when it is not undergoing meiosis or mitosis. |
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| During what phase of cell life does each DNA molecule replicated into two daughter DNA molecules? |
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| what are the backbones of DNA structure composed of? |
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Definition
Sugar and phosphoric acid. this is because they never change.
however, the DNA nucleotide structures composed of sugar, phosphoric acid, and a different nitrogenous base |
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| The M phase of cell cycle includes: |
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| Anaphase, metaphase, telophase, and prophase |
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| DNA is tightly coiled and is visible under a microscope in what phase? |
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| Which form of radiation has no medical use? |
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| The _____ makes ribosomes |
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| THE _______ creates energy for the cell. |
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| the _______ is responsible for detoxification |
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| Patient dose is usually expressed in |
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| 1 Gy is equal to how many mrads? |
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100,000
1 rad = 1 cGy
1 rad = .01 Gy
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1 rad = ___ Gy
1 rad = ___ rem |
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| the curie is ____ than the becquerel |
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| when an atoms loses or gains an electron, this process is called |
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| what component of the cell produces proteins? |
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| what is called the cell soup? |
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| each centromere divides into two in.. |
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| cytokinesis begins in ... |
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| majority of cell growth occurs here: |
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| when chromosomes allign across the equator of the cell |
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| Set of chromosomes has assembled at each pole of the cell |
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| chromatin becomes chromosomes here |
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| contains the metaphase plate here... |
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| nuclear membrane reappears here |
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| chromatids reproduce here |
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| chromosomes move towards opposite poles here |
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| here, nucleolis is distinct. |
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| this begins when the nucleolus and nuclear envelope dissapear |
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| in other words.. uses food and water for energy = |
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| defin = responds to stimuli |
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| defin = transmits impulses |
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| name the purine nitrogenous bases: |
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Definition
Adenine and Guanine
A and G |
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| name the pyrimidine nitrogenous bases: |
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Definition
Thymine and Cytosine
T and C |
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| what are the nitrogenous base pairs? |
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Definition
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| T/F radiation of the salivary glands causes xerostomia |
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Definition
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An undifferentiated cell is one that has specialized function and/or structure.
t/f |
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Definition
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IN the law of bergonie and tribondea, an increase in differentiation results in a decrease in radiosensitivity.
t/f |
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Definition
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Stem cells are radiosensitive
t/f |
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Definition
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Frameshift mutations have a greater chance of repair than a point mutation
t/f |
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Definition
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| cell death is directly proportional to increments of dose |
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division delay is dose dependent
t/f |
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Survival time is independent of dose
t/f |
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single doses of radiation cause less damage than fractionated doses.
t/f |
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mitotic overshoot occurs when cells in division delay proceed through mitosis
t/f |
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| acute responses occur up to _ months |
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| in healing, when an area is healed with scar tissue, it is referred to as: |
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| what are some chronic reactions of the digestive system? |
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Definition
intestinal stricture and obstruction.
ulcerations are acute |
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| the lifespan of platelets is ? |
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Definition
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| a function of an immature cells is to |
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Definition
maintain the cell population
and replace mature cells
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| a physical factor affecting response to radiation is |
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Definition
LET
dose rate
fractionation |
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| Free radicals are the result of |
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Definition
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| the rate of energy transfer to a tissue is called |
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Definition
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| what is produced as a result of indirect action? |
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Definition
| ionized HOH molecule and electron |
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Term
| high LET radiation are _____ particles and have_______ |
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Definition
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| It takes 40 cGy of a test radiation to produce an effect and 160 cGy of 250 keV xrays produces the same effect. What is the RBE? |
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Definition
160 / 40 = 4
dose at 250 keV/ dose of radiation |
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| what best describes the relationshp between LET (linear energy transfer) and RBE (relative biological effect) ? |
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Definition
RBE is directly proportional to LET
b/c higher the LET the less penetration hence more effects |
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Term
| IN a single break effect, when a broken part of a choromosome reattaches to another chromosome, it is called |
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Definition
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| : the broken fragments attach to each other with no centromere |
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Definition
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| : the broken fragment doesn't reattach |
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Definition
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which is most radiosensitive?
single target/multiple hit
multiple target/ multiple hit
single target/ single hit |
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Definition
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| cell death before it enters mitosis is termed: |
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Definition
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| division delay occurs primarily in what phase? |
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Definition
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| what population of cells are differentiated an show LITTLE mitotic activity? |
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Definition
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in LAW OF BERGONIE AND TRIBONDEAU...
sensitivity is ________proportional to the mitotic activity and ________________ proportional to the differentiation. |
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Definition
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| Epilation (removal of hair) due to radiation is ____ at moderate doses and _____ at high doses. |
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Definition
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| There is increased damage in children when their bones are irradiated because |
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Definition
| growing cells are radiosensitive |
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| the max dosage to the spinal cord before permanent damage: |
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Definition
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| cataracts at what dosage? |
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Definition
| the amount of radiation that will kill 50 percent of the population, in 60 days. |
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| What is the dosage associated with CNS syndrome? |
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Definition
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| in relation to CNS syndrome, death occurs as a result of ? and ? |
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Definition
| neurological and cardiovascular breakdown |
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| what is the prognosis for a person with CNS syndrome? |
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Definition
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| in relation to GI syndrome, death occurs bc of? |
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Definition
| destruction of intestinal mucosa |
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| what is the prognosis for a person with GI syndrome? |
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Definition
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| IT's possible to survive the hematopoietic syndrome up to ___ cGy. |
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Definition
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| Fetal sterility can occur at |
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Definition
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| What happens (2) when direct action occurs? |
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Definition
- sugar-phosphate backbones are broken
- DNA base pairs are broken |
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| syndrome: weight loss - illness: ? |
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Definition
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| Syndrome: chills - illness? |
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Definition
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syndrome: disorientation
illness : ? |
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Definition
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syndrome: infection
illness: ? |
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Definition
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syndrome: dehydration
illness:
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Definition
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syndrome: seizures
illness:
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Pop. categories
Does not divide at all |
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Definition
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Term
pop. categories
The most undifferentiated |
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Definition
VIM
vegitative intermitotic |
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Term
pop. categories
Actively mitotic and slightly differentiated |
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Definition
DIM
differentiating intermitotic |
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Term
Pop. categories
Highly differentiated and will undergo mitosis only if necessary |
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Definition
RPM
reverting post mitotic |
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Term
Pop. categories
Most radiosensitive |
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Definition
VIM
vegetative intermitotic |
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| aka deterministic effects |
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Definition
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effects which have NO threshold and for which the probability of occurrence is a function of dose. Severity is independent of dose. happens or it doesnt.
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Definition
stochastic effects.
ex. cancer, genetic effects, embryological effects. |
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| effects for which a threshold exists and for which the severity of the effects increase with dose. |
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Definition
nonstochastic/deterministic
ex erythema of skin, cataracts, infertility |
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Term
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Definition
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| 10 days to 6 weeks in gestation |
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Definition
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| 6 weeks to term in gestation |
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Definition
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| responses seen within 6 months = |
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Definition
acute effects
usually can be repaired |
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| responses seen after 6 months |
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chronic effects-
usually irreversible damage |
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| acute skin reactions would be... |
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Definition
| erythema, moist/dry desquamation, pigmentation |
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Term
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Definition
atrophy
necrosis
telangiectasia
depigmentation
fibrosis |
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Term
what are 3 stages of response to total body exposure?
(this was a short answer on test) |
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Definition
prodromal
latent
manifest |
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Term
exposure is measured in rads
t/f |
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Definition
false
exposure is measured in Roentgen or C/kg
absorbed dose is rad/Gy |
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| exposure is measured in rads t/f |
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Definition
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redistribution occurs in normal and tumor cells
t/f |
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Definition
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Term
pocket ionization chambers are sensitive only to x-rays and gamma rays
t/f |
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Definition
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there is no permanent record for TLD's
t/f |
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Definition
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cancer is a nonstochastic effect
t/f |
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Definition
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cancer cells will be more radioresistant right after treatment because the 4 R's have not had a chance to occur.
t/f |
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Definition
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tumors are comprised of both stromal and parenchymal compartments
t/f
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Definition
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| the biological effectiveness of radiation absorbed by a radiation worker. it is measured in rems |
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Definition
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| dose limits are specified for exposure to ... |
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Definition
whole body
partial body
and general population |
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Definition
| as low as reasonably achievable |
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Term
| the unit used to describe absorbed dose or the quantity of ionizing radiations transferred to the material through which it passes= |
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Definition
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Term
| what is an advantage of film badges over TLD? |
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Definition
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Term
| is a routine blood examination helpful in a personnel radiation monitoring program? |
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Definition
no
but film badges,, pocket ionization chambers, and TLD ares |
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Term
| the longest time interval allowed for personnel monitoring is ? |
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Definition
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Term
| the exposure rate in an "uncontrolled" area must be less than ___ mrem/week |
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Definition
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| the ability of radiation to produce biologic damage is |
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Definition
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| annual dose equivalent for the HANDS = |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the annual dose equiv. limit for pregnant therapist during the entire pregnancy? |
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Definition
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Term
| unit of measure used to express occupational exposure |
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Definition
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Term
| dose equivalent is identified using |
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Definition
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Term
| annual dose equivalent limit for eyes is |
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Definition
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| annual dose equiv limit for skin is |
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Definition
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Term
| a ___ should use cardinal principles of rad safety and wear a fetal rad. monitor |
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Definition
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Term
| some ___ look like pagers |
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Definition
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Term
| a _____ works by counting ion pairs |
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Definition
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Term
| where should a standard radiation film badge be worn? |
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Definition
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Term
which can give an immediate reading?
pocket ion chamber
film badge
TLD |
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Definition
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Term
| your film badge contains film placed between what types of metal filters? |
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Definition
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Term
| effects for which a threshold exists and the severity is increased with increased dose is called ? |
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Definition
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Term
| a radiation worker is 30 years old. what is his cumulative whole body exposure? |
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Definition
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Term
| a thermoluminescent dosimeter uses which kind of crystals? |
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Definition
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Term
| during fractionated thrapy, how much time must pass before the next treatment? |
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Definition
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| Hypoxic cells are More/Less radioresistant than normal cells |
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Definition
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Term
| in reoxygenation, tumor cells become? |
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Definition
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Term
| radiation devices that also measure radiation, express the exposure in what units? |
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Definition
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Term
| what percentage of cancer patients will receive radiation therapy? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 4 R's of radiobiology? |
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Definition
reoxygenation
repair
redistribution
regeneration |
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Term
| space between the source of radiation to the occupied area |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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| the more _____, the more shielding that is required for area |
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Definition
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Term
| the number of patients that will be treated per week |
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Definition
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Definition
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| the amount of time the primary beam will be aimed at a wall. |
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Definition
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| one of the cardinal principles of radiation protection... |
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Definition
distance
-time, shielding |
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Term
| the amount of time adjacent areas will be occupied |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| what is designed to sheild against scatter or leakage radiation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 materials used as protective barriers? |
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Definition
| concrete, earth, lead, and steel |
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Term
| is 'patient location prior to implantation, ' required to be reported to the RSO of a scheduled brachytherapy.? |
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Definition
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Term
| a similarity between neutron therapy and proton therapy is.. |
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Definition
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Term
| if 25 patients were treated PER DAY in a typical week an the isocenter dose is 180 cGy, what is the workload of the machine? |
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Definition
| 25 x 7 days x 180 = 22500 |
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Term
| visitors to brachytherapy procedures may visit for no longer than ? |
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Definition
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Term
| primary radiation is the "__" |
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Definition
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Term
| Sealed radiation sources are prepared, implemented and supervised by the |
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Definition
| Clinical medical physicist |
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Term
| What records are needed to be obtained during a brachytherapy procedure? |
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Definition
areas surveyed after implant
patient surveys
final seed inventory
room surveys |
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Term
| what is the purpose of sulfhydryls? |
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Definition
| binds to free radicals and renders them harmless |
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Term
| tumor markers are found using? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the function of halogenated pyrimidine? |
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Definition
| weakens DNA chain and makes it more sensitive to radiation |
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Term
| CA-125 is associated iwht |
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Definition
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Term
| BTA is a tumor marker associated with? |
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Definition
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Term
| colon cancer tumor marker = |
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Definition
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