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Rad 315 review for test 1
rad 315
162
Health Care
Undergraduate 3
11/18/2009

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Term
prophase
Definition

the chromosomes appear condensed, and the nuclear envelope is not apparent. 

 

Term
anaphase
Definition
chromatids of each chromosome have separated and are moving toward the poles.
Term
chromosome
Definition
complex structures in the nucleus that contain DNA and special proteins.
Term
metaphase plate
Definition
a plane that is equally distant from the two spindle poles.
Term
cell membrane
Definition
flexible structure composed of lipids and proteins
Term
metaphase
Definition
thick, coiled, chromosomes, each with two chromatids, are lined up on metaphase plate.
Term
spindle
Definition
fiber cluster that pulls chromatids
Term
nucleus
Definition
brain of the cell. controls eating, movement, and reproduction within cytoplasm.
Term
mitosis
Definition
Cell division of somatic cells
Term
chromatid
Definition
arm of chromosome attached to centromere
Term
Telophase
Definition
chromosomes are at poles, and are becoming more diffuse. nuclear envelope is reforming
Term
cell membrane
Definition
flexible structure composed of lipids and proteins
Term
interphase
Definition
nucleolus and nuclear envelope are distinct and chromosomes are in form of thread like chromatin
Term
centromere
Definition
center of chromosome
Term
replicate
Definition
when a cell reproduces
Term
cytokenesis
Definition
division of cytoplasm
Term
4 phases of mitosis
Definition

prophase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

Term
Mitosis is..
Definition
how the body grows and somatic cells are replaced
Term
interphase G1
Definition
the first subphase of interphase
Term
interphase g1
Definition
where the cell spends most of it's life
Term
interphase g1
Definition
majority of the cell growth occurs here
Term
interphase s phase
Definition
the second phase of interphase
Term
interphase s phase
Definition
Synthesis phase
Term
interphase G2
Definition
growth phase
Term
interphase g2
Definition
final stage in interphase
Term
interphase g2
Definition
organelles are reproduced
Term
interphase g2
Definition
chromatids (spiral filaments) reproduce
Term
interphase g2 
Definition
DNA tightly coils and becomes visible under a microscope
Term
Prophase
Definition
stage of mitosis in which the chromatin condenses into a highly ordered structure called a chromosome
Term
prophase
Definition
since the genetic material has been dupl. in interphase, there are two identical copies of each chromosome in the cell
Term
prophase
Definition
chromatin fibers become coiled into chromosomes.
Term
prophase
Definition
centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell
Term
prophase
Definition
the nucleolus disappears during prophase
Term
prophase
Definition
the nuclear envelope begins to disappear at the end of this stage.
Term
prophase
Definition
this stage accounts for approximately 3% of the cell cycle
Term
metaphase
Definition
chromosomes align across equator of cell between the two centrioles
Term
metaphase
Definition
the chromosomes align at the metaphase plate
Term
anaphase
Definition
this phase begins when the duplicated centromeres of each pair of sister chromatids separate, and the now-daugher chromosomes begin moving toward opposite poles of the cell due to the action of the spindle. 
Term
anaphase
Definition
each centromere divides into two
Term
anaphase
Definition
divided centromeres start moving to opposite poles
Term
anaphase
Definition
at the end of this phase, a complete set of chromosomes has assembled at each pole of the cell
Term
Telophase
Definition
nucleoli and two new nuclear membranes appear
Term
telophase
Definition
cytokenesis usually occurs during this stage
Term
telophase
Definition
here: the chromosomes begin to uncoil and start elongating. the elongated chromosome eventrually resembles the cell in the begining of interphase
Term
cell
Definition
smallest unit of living matter
Term
four characteristics of living matter
Definition

conductivity

irritability

contractability

metabolism

Term
protoplasm
Definition
all living matter is composed of ...
Term
Tissue
Definition
Cells form together to make...
Term
organs
Definition
several types of tissues create...
Term
human body
Definition
organs combine to create...
Term
cell membrane
Definition
flexible structure composed of lipids and proteins
Term
cell membrane
Definition
contains phospholipid bi-layer that prevents passage of foreign molecules into the membrane
Term
cell membrane
Definition
transports proteins and aids substances in and out of the cell
Term
nucleus
Definition
acts like the brain of the cell
Term
nucleus
Definition
helps control eating, movement, and reproduction. Located within the cytoplasm
Term
nuclear envelope
Definition
there are pores and spaces for RNA and proteins to pass through while it keeps all of the chromatin and nucleolus inside.
Term
nucleolus
Definition
organelle within the nucleus that manufactures ribosomes (the cells protein-producing structures)
Term
chromatin
Definition
packed inside the nucleus of every human cell is 6 ft ofDNA. since DNA cannot be crammed into the nucleus like a ball of string, it is, instead combined with proteins and organized into a precise compact structure called ...
Term
cytosol
Definition
a mostly water 'soup' within the cell
Term
cytosol
Definition
full of enzymes that also break down larger molecules so they can be used
Term
cytosol
Definition
all the other organelles (not mentioned) reside here
Term
cytosol
Definition
most of the cellular metabolism occurs here
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
collective term for the cytosol plus the organelles suspended within the cytosol
Term
ribosomes
Definition
function to build and synth. proteins
Term
ribosomes
Definition
made of proteins and rRNA. information is sent from the DNA to here of what types of proteins need to be produces
Term
Free ribosomes
Definition
found in the cytosol and make proteins that are used inside the cell
Term
bound ribosomes
Definition
make proteins that are used inside the cell and that will be exported. found on the endoplasmic reticulum
Term
E.R.
Definition
manufactures, processes, and transports a wide variety of biochemical compounds for use inside and outside of the cell. 
Term
SER
Definition
Aids in production of lipids, carbohydrate metabolism, and the detoxification of drugs and poisons.
Term
RER
Definition
ribosomes are attached. involved mainly with the production and processing of proteins that will be exported, or secreted from the cell.
Term
mitochondria
Definition
takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy for the cell
Term
mitochondria
Definition
muscle cells contain the most of these since they require more energy
Term
mitochondria
Definition
if any cell feels it is not getting enough energy to survive, more ... can be created
Term
golgi apparatus or complex
Definition
gathers proteins and lipids that have been built in the e.r. and combines them to make molecules that are more complex. 
Term
golgi complex or apparatus
Definition
takes the big molecules, packages them in vesicles, and either stores them for later use or sends them out of the cell. 
Term
golgi apparatus
Definition
looks like pancakes
Term
golgi apparatus or complex
Definition
the single membrane has two layers. the membrane of this surrounds an area of fluid where the molecules are stored and changed.
Term
golgi complex
Definition
because this absorbs vesicles from the RER, you will also find ribosomes in those pancake stacks
Term
Lysosome
Definition
recycles the cell's organic material
Term
lysosome
Definition
break down cellular waste products, fats, carbohydrates, proteins, and other macromolecules into simple compounds, which are then transferred back to the cytoplasm and new cell-building materials
Term
lysosome
Definition
most numerous in disease-fighting cells such as white blood cells
Term
nucleotides
Definition
the building blocks of nucleic acids
Term
nucleotide
Definition
base + sugar + phosphate
Term
base + sugar + phosphate
Definition
Term
RNA nucleotide
Definition

sugar= ribose

bases= adenine, uracil, guanine, or cytosine

phosphate

Term
DNA nucleotide
Definition

Sugar= deoxy-ribose (this provides chemical stab.)

bases= a, t, c, g

phosphate

Term
DNA
Definition
located in the nucleus- most sensitive part of the cell
Term
DNA
Definition
contains genetic information - *all heredity information
Term
DNA
Definition
responsible for directing cellular activity and transmitting genetic info from cell to cell and generation to generation
Term
DNA
Definition
Double stranded structure
Term
Nucleotides
Definition
each strand of DNA contains many...
Term
purines
Definition
adenine and guanine
Term
Pyrimadines
Definition
Thymine and cytosine
Term
Chromosome
Definition
complex structures in the nucleus that contain DNA and special proteins
Term
chromosomes
Definition
located in the nucleus.. on each of this are genes which contain a finite segment of DNA with a specific base sequence
Term
mutation
Definition

alteration in the sequence of DNA

*alterations to some genes are more severe than others

*If severe enough, may cause cell death

Term
Radiation Protection 
Definition
promotion of practices that limit exposure to a minimum
Term
Radiation Protection
Definition
combines rad. physics and biology in a clinical setting
Term
Radiation protection
Definition
to maximize the benefit of an examination or procedure while minimizing the risk to a patient is the goal of...
Term
ALARA
Definition
as low as reasonably acheivable
Term
As low as reasonably achievable
Definition
ALARA
Term
True
Definition
is is assumed that radiation causes harm t or f?
Term
radiation biology
Definition
branch of science that looks at effects of ionizing radiation on living matter. most effects on cellular level
Term

Traditional (US)

SI= systeme international (around the world)

Definition
two types of radiation units in general
Term
(C/kg) coloumbs/kg
Definition
SI unit for exposure in air
Term
(R) Roentgen
Definition
Traditional unit for exposure in air
Term

Exposure in Air 

( c/kg and Roentgen)

Definition
measures ionization of air 
Term
s- PHASE
Definition
DNA replication occurs here but remains attached to chromosome
Term
S-phase
Definition
number of chromosomes in the cell doubles
Term
alpha particle
Definition
mass 4 amu
Term
beta particle
Definition
mass of .00055 amu
Term
x-rays/gamma rays
Definition
mass of 0 amu
Term
a given number of electrons
Definition
Coloumb is an SI unit of electric charge. kg measures quant. of air and the coloumbs represents ...?
Term
roentgen (exposure in air)
Definition
Simply measures amount of ionization produces by x-ray or gamma-radiation in air.
Term
Gray (Gy)
Definition
Measures absorbed dose (SI unit)
Term
rad (radiation absorbed dose)
Definition
measures absorbed dose (traditional unit)
Term
1cGy or 1/100 gray or .01 Gy
Definition
1 rad =
Term
rad
Definition
Energy transfer of 100 ergs per gram of absorbing material
Term
sievert
Definition
SI unit for occupational exposure
Term
rem (radiation equiv. man)
Definition
Trad. unit for occupational exposure
Term
1
Definition
1 rad = _ rem
Term
100
Definition
1 seivert = _ rem
Term
Becquerel Bq
Definition
Si unit for radioactivity
Term
Curie
Definition
trad. unit for radioactivity
Term
curie
Definition
3.7x10^10 disinegrations/sec.
Term
Becquerel
Definition
one decay/second
Term
Curie
Definition
which is larger? curie or becquerel?
Term
rad. material to decay 50% of its original activity
Definition
half-life... time that it takes for...
Term
3 hrs
Definition
if 100 atoms, and it takes 3 hrs  for 50 to decay, wat is half life?
Term
1 gy
Definition
100 rad = _ gy?
Term
1 sv
Definition
100 rem = ? sv
Term
100 rad
Definition
1 gy = _ rad?
Term
1896
Definition
in ____, becquerel found 3 types of rad: alpha, beta, and gamma
Term
protons, neutrons, electrons
Definition
3 basic parts of atom anatomy
Term
# e-
Definition
Ionization: an atom is considered stable when the number of protons is equal to ?
Term
ionizing radiation
Definition
... is rad. tat has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms when it passes through or collides with material
Term
positively
Definition
The loss of an e- and its neg. charge causes atom to become _______ charged
Term
alpha particles
Definition
consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons
Term
alpha part.s
Definition
emitted from unstable nuclei during radiation decay process
Term
alpha particles
Definition
does not penetrate matter well bc of its size
Term
alpha particles
Definition
no medical use bc of low penetrability. interact with matter quickly and have a high electrrcal charge bc of their size
Term
beta radiation
Definition

produced only in or near nucleus of the atom

 

high speed electrons

 

charge of +1 or -1

Term
positron
Definition
positive electron radiation produced by radioactive decay or pair production.
Term
a positron and electron
Definition
Pair production occurs when a photon interacts with a nucleus and converts the energy into....
Term
negatron
Definition
produced solely by radioactive decay
Term
beta part
Definition
can travel up to 3 meters/meV of enrgy in air and 2cm in tissue
Term
iodine 131
Definition
... is used to treat various cancers and emits both beta and gamma radiation
Term

positron...

 

 

PET (positron emission tomography)

Definition
... are used for PET scans 
Term
x and gamma rays
Definition
form(s) of photons or electromagnetic radiation 
Term
photons
Definition
have no charge and no mass (involved in x and gama rays)
Term
source
Definition
the only difference between x and gamma rays
Term
gamma rays
Definition
... are photons emitted from nucleus.
Term
x-rays
Definition
... are photons that originate in the orbit around the nucleus when electrons change orbital shells.
Term

iodine 131-radioactive iodine

cesium 137- brachytherapy for gyn.

cobalt 60- used in rad. therapy

 

Definition
most radioactive materials used in medicine emit gamma radiation such as:
Term

cosmic rays

terrestrial rad.

internal exposure

Definition
3 sources of natural background radiation
Term

cosmic rays

 

Definition
originate from nuclear rxns in space and in sun
Term
terrestrial radiation
Definition
naturally radioactive materials due to isotopes of uranium, thorium, and radium
Term
radon
Definition
largest exposure to terrestrial radiation is...
Term

internal exposure

 

Definition
results from the radioactive material in out bodies
Term
potassium-40
Definition
which isotope in our bodies of internal exposure delivers the highest dosage???
Term
geographic location!
Definition
internal exposure is dependent on ...
Term

medical xrays

consumer products

tobacco

nuclear sources

Definition
name four man-made sources
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