Ceasare Baccaria-

a.     Essay on crime and punishment

b.     Known as the fonder o the Classical School 

     John Howard 

a.     Sherriff, influebced parliament to pass Penetentairy act (secusre and anitary structures, inspection of confinment facilities ect.)

b.     Was a leader o prison reform in the 1700s on England

   Charles Montesquieu

     Harsh punishment would undermine morality, belived that appealing to moral sentiment was a better means of preventing crime. 

  Voltaire 

  Belived fear of shame was a detterent to crime

   Jeremy Bentham 

    Was the greatest leader in the reform of English criminal law

   Devised the ultimate prison: the Panopticon  

   William Penn 

a.     Founded the quaker settlemnt of Pennslyvianna

b.     Involved in writing “The Great Law”

c.     Envisonened hard labor as a more effective punihsmnet than death 

   Zebulon Brockway 

a.     Reformatory era (1870-1910)

b.     Under his direction the first reformatory opened in Elmira NY

were convict hulks amoung the earliest examples of imprisonment used as a method of dealing with crimes 

1.     One of the earliest American attempts to operate a state prison for felons was located in an abandoned dimond mine in Simsbury, CT. 

     The practice of paying restitution to the crown in addition to indviduals is known as:

  Friedensgeld 

1.     The custom of atonment for wrongs against a victim by payment to appease the victims family was 

1.     The status of a living person equvilent in its legal consequences to natural death 

a.     Civil Death 

correctional philosophy: Retribution- “Just Deserts” supports criminal penalites imposed as punishment for all past offenders.

a.     “eye for an eye”

b.     should pay his /her debt

c.     focus: inflicting pain on offender, goal: social justice 

correctioanl phil:  General Deterrance: criminal penalties should serve as a warning on the population as a whole that criminal behavior will result in offical sanctions

a.     Focus: future behavior of potential offenders

b.     Goals: reduce crime by discouraging POTENTIAL offenders from illegal acts 

correctional philosophy:Specfic Detterance – provides an unpleasant sentence in hopes that the offender will find it distasteful that they will refrain from comminting another crime

a.     Focus- FURTURE  behavior of known offenders

b.     Goal- reduce crime by discouraging KNOWN offenders from illegal acts 

correctioanl phi:1.     Boundry setting- definiton of group, behavior required to assure membership; moral outrageat crime and desire for punishment 

a.     Goal- deter crime and renforce social stablilty through loss of group membership, enhance a sense of unity amoung citizens 

cor phil Restitution:

cor phil:Treatment/reintegration

1.     prevention of furture criminal conduct by offender through radically different means 

a.     Focus- future behavior of KNOWN offenders

b.     Goal- reduce crime by changingoffenders behavior 

1.     - Attepmts to prvent future crimes by restraining the persons by not giving them the oppurtnity to commit crimes

a.     Focus- offenders ablity to act

b.     Goal- enhance public safety by reducing number of ppl capable of crime

c.     An offender may be given a long sentece to deter others 

4 Goals or purposes of criminal sentencing:

1. deterrence

·       general

·       specific

2. incapactiaon

3. treatment ( rehablitation)

4. retribution 

a.     Consists of many programs, services, facilities, and organzations responsible for managing ppl accused or convicted of crimes 

1.     Why is corrections such a complex topic? 

Because it encompaseis broad resonsiblites related to the formal respnces of society to prohbited behavior 

Fedreal, state, or local level, some by executive branch some by the courts 

1.     what are the main goals of the penitentar? 

a.     A secure and sanitary building- reformatory regime

b.     Systematic inspection

c.     Aboliton of fees 

a.     Penn system held inmates in isolation

b.     NY- celss at night, wrk together in shops during the day 

a.     Reforms whose correctional goals were used to the approches of the social sciences for the indvidual 

1.     what correctional reforms did they advocate? 

a.     Probatipon

b.     Intermnate sentce

c.     Parole 

1.     what is the mission of community corrections 

a.     reintergration of an offender to the community through rebuilding of social ties and securing employment and education 

Sentencing Structures: 

Indeterminate sentence- fixed max, fixed min.

Determinate Sentence- a sentence of incarceration for  fixed period of time

Definte Sentencing- having a fixed period of time with no reduction by parole

Intermittence sentencing- periods of confidment interrupted by periods of freedom

Manatory sentence- a statory requirement that a certain penalty shall be set and carried out in all cases upon convition for a specified offense or series of offences 

The Auburn system was an early prson system requiring inmate silence, indvidual cells, and inmate labor in those cells

An unfourtunate by-product of the badly planned auburn experiment was the use of solitary confinment as a means of punishment within the prison 

The Penn. System was a prison model consisting of small indvidual cells, large ork area for group labor, and enforced silence 

The authors state that “ the impostion of silence ws seen as the most important part of the discipline program” 

According to the text, some prison systems use an ________ as a link between the prisoner and the establishment; this offical recives and investigates complaints and sees corrective action is taken 

According to the text, the prison population boom is attrubeted to: 

-FEAR OR CRIME FULED BY POLITICANS

            - A GET TOUGH APPROCH TO CRIME

            -THE WAR ON DRUGS

            -THE MEDIA 

Conviect bogey is the irrational fear of prion inmates who can only be managed through head counts, locking, and recounting 

1.     Restraint-

a.     Low concern for the offender and low concern for community

b.     If offender desires to change he/she will change if not then they wont

2.     Reform-

a.     Heavy emphasis on community protection, devalue the conceen of the offender

b.     Goal- train offender to become a law abiding citizen, accomplished  through near total control and manipulation of offenders environment 

3.     Rehabilitation-

a.     Concerned with the needs of the offender, encourage them to gain insight 

b.     Once they gain insight they wull lead a law abiding life

c.     Offender can only cause personal change

4.     Reintegration

a.     Seeks to achieve change in both the offender and the community

b.     Offenders are encouraged to try to get a job, education

c.     Correctional agencies must work as advocates for offenders to secure social benifts 

Selective incapacitiaon is the incapacitating high-risk offenders believed to pose substantial probability of additional crime, usually through probation 

The model that sees the causes of crime as lying within the indvidua, and stresses providing treatment and therapy until the offender is well

The text states that “specific deterrence” is ounishing indvidual offenders to prevent their futher criminal behavior 

Depriving offemders of the ability to commit additional crimes through imprisonment is 

1.     Intermediate

2.     Deterrence

3.     Definite

4.     Intermitance

5.     Mandatory 

8 points for more appropriate sentencing

1.     should be mandatory for judges to have PSI in all feloney cases

2.     Diagnostic facilities should be made avagilable to all judges

3.     Jury sentencing should be abolished

4.     Sentencing judges should be required to record the reasons dor each sentence

5.     Sentecing judges should educate their communities on the philoshpy of sentencing

6.     The judge should consult defense counsal and the presecutor before imposing sentence

7.     Probation officers and judges should receive  insturctions in sentencing perhaps attend sentencing insitution

8.     Trial judges should be electe or appointed as nonpolitical way as possible 

6 basic stragies to formalize leg control over sentencing process

1.     Determinate sentence- parole board no longer may relase prisoners before their sentences have expired

2.     Mandatory Prisoon term

3.     Sentecig Guidelines- system of sentencing that imposes a pre defined sentece length based on prior crimnal history and crime servarity which allows judges to depart from the guidelines if warranted by the circumstances

4.     Good-time polices- Administrative mechanism reducing sentence length by crediting inmates for good behavior extra work or other statutory pilices

5.     Parole guielines- procedures desgined to structure parole realse decsions based on measurable offender criteria

6.     Emergancy crowding provisons- polices that relive prison crowding by systematically making inmates eliabgeable for realse sooner 

Complaint to a superior court of an unjustice or error commited by lower court 

Prisonization: 

Term exsists in all prisons, penetary jails.

The taking on in greater or less degree of the folways, mores, customs and general culture of the penitentiary

            -accepting the subordinate role inro which ne is thrust as an inmate

            - developing new habits of sleeping, dressing, working, and eating

            - status degration

            - adopting new language

The pains of imprisonment that encourage socialzation into the inmate culture 

-status deprevation

            -sexual deprevation

            -material deprevation

            -enforced intimacy with other deviants 

The inmate subculture reduces the pains of imprisonment by encouraging 

-       the sharing of few benefits and pleasures inside prison

-       by helping prevent naked aggression by inmates against other inmates

-       offers altrnate sexual outlets 

4 major themes of inmate code 

1.     not to interfere with the affairs of other inmates

2.     not to quarrel with other inmates

3.     not to trust correctional officers

4.     maintain ones self (be a man) 

Other problems within prisons

-       ethnic and racial lines

-       leads to power struggle

-       fights amoung different groups

-       attacks on prison staff 

1.     a holding place for ppl arrested for crimes but not yet taken before a jugde 

1.     they have not been convicted of the crime for which they are charged 

1.     better able to prepare their defenc, can  make a better case for a sentence of probation 

1.     : post bail, offered release on recognize 

What are the problems with bail

discriminates against the poor, not the best way to ensure that a person will show up for trial

1.     : they are charged with absecondary, the bail is forfeite and an arrest warrant is made 

1.     : It is difficult to provide treatment programs in short periods of time 

Plea Bargaining:

a.     defendant aware of thr porsecuters strong case

b.     plea bargin to avoid incarceration

c.     minimize the sentence

d.     avoid negative labels and harmful effects of a criminal conviction 

PLEA BARGINNG:

Benefits

a.     it benefits the state and the defendant

b.     finical cost of criminal prosecution are reduced

c.     the administrative effeaciy of the courts is gratly improved

d.     prosecution as able to dedicate more time to cases of greater seriousness and importance 

PLEA BARGING: 

OJECTIONS 

a.     incourages a defendant to waive their constiutioal right to trial

b.     sentence tends to be less severe in gulty plea situations than as a result of trials

c.     result in even greater sentencing disparity particually in the eyes of the general public

d.     allows dangerous dangerous offenders to get off easy, weakens deterracnce 

Presentence Report. 5 basic purposes: 

1.     To help the court make an appropriate dispostion of the case

2.     Serves as the basis for a plan of probation or parole supervision and treatment

3.     Assists in jail & treatment programs

4.     Will eventually serve to furnish parole authorites with information pertinet to relase planning & consideration for parole

5.     Can serve as an important source of data for criminal justice research 

Misdemeanor is a relaivily minor violation of the crimainl law, usually punishable by no more than one yr in confindment 

Recent studies show that as many as 20%-40% of the feleony cases initiated by the police are barganinged away by prosecutors 

The text states that defendants who reach the sentencing stage of criminal proceeding are those who habe not yet completely evaded the correctional filter 

List 2 of the six basic stragies to formulize legislative control over the sentencing process

The PSI is usually prepared by the investigating police offiver 

Discourtaging the idvidual snd the public’s propensity to commit additional crimes by impostion o harsh punishment, goal is crim reduction, is called: 

IN addition to the sentencing law changes, sharp  descreases have occurred in the number of persons incarcerated 

Sentencing ideology that stresses that any punishment to be applied must be dependant on the culpability of the offender and the seriousness of the offense 

The formal or even informal violation of the civil rights of the accused that leads to incapcation of other unjustified punishment is

Explain sentencing disparity:

WHEN TWO OFFENDERS HAVE COMMITED THE SAME CRIME BUT ONEMIGHT RECEIVE A LIGHTER SENTENCE THAN THE OTHER

Sentencing hearing:

PSI report plays a central role. Answers questions like

o   Revealing any prior convictions

o   Inflicted bodily harm

o   Used a wepon

o   Unkown to the victim

o   Mental illness 

Admisistration of parole serives: 2 models 

Independent model

Consolidated Model

parole board is an aynommous panel within a department that also administers correctional institutions. Board makes relase and revocation decsions 

parole borad is responsible for making realease & revocation determinations of persons realsed on parole

4major responsiblities of parole and probation: 

1.     Surveilence- client is countinuously sensitized to the possible results of a course action that has made him vulnerable in the past, frequent meeting with probation officer

2.     Investigation- reporting violitive behavior, or actual violation on the part of pobationers and gathering facts about arrests and reporting suspissions to supervisors

3.     Concrerness counseling- employment, educations, trnaing, medical, finincal ect

4.     Emotional needs counseling- comapions, emotionally stability, marital/ family relationships, alcohol drug use, mental ablitiy 

Conditions of probation:

            -Courts may impose such conditons as 

* reportig to supervising ofcer

                        * obeying laws

                        *submittin to searchs

                        *no fire arms

                        * staying in setnecing jurisdiction

                        *reporting change of job or residence 

            Inmates are assigned to apprpiate security and treatment facilities in accodiance with their charaterisitcis and needs, which determines the institution to which an inmate will be assigned

It is an ongoing process that is revised as needed 

free standing facility that provides for management and secure control of inmates. Officially designated as exhibintg violent o serious aggressive behavior while incarcerated, violent seriously disruptive assaultive and escape prone inmate

contributing factors, the term exsists in all prisons, penetentary, jails. It is the tsking on in greater or less degree of folkways,, mores, and custom& general culture of the penitentiary.

            Accepting subordination new habits of eating and sleeping dressing, and working, adopting a new lang, learnig dependance on others ect.

Women in prison: 

-poor

            - little education

            - few job skills

            -mostly young women

            -heads of single households

            -majority have 2 children

            - health problems 

special programs for women: 

stress reduction

            - prevention of medical problems

            -obtaining and manageming treatment for medical problems

            -improvement of perosnl relationships

            -parenting skills 

SPEND LESS TIME IN JAIL

            STIGMA OF THE NAME MIGHT NOT BE AS BAD 

The PSI is the document that results from an investigation undertaken by a cout authorized offeicer or agency 

The most frequently imposed “special condions of probation” include intermediate sanctions 

WHne discussing probation- bein on “wet paper means that they are not allowed to drink while under supervision             

Not until ____ was probation available for adult offenders in every state

is credited with being the father of probation 

Requierment that the offender repay the victim is called 

Intermediate sanction requiring increased supervisiom for probationers is called 

When a judge increases the sanctions and conditons imposed on an offender is called 

Compared to kail and prision, drug courts appear not to be cost effective 

Boot camps are desgined to give offenders a short “taste of bard” follwed by a period of supervised probation 

Define Prisizaion: 

IT SI WHE PRISONERS ARE FORCED TO ADAPT TO BE IN A PRSION ENVIORMEN. THEY ARE FORCED TO ACCEPT SUBORDINATION FROM OFFICERS AND OTHER INMATES. THEIR WHOLE SCHEDUALE IS CHANGED, THEY ARE TOLD WHEN TO EAT SLEEP AND WAKE UP ECT. THEY CAN NO LONGER HAVE RELATIONS WITH THE OPPOSITE SEX. OVERALL IT’S THE TERM THAT DEFINES THE PROCESSOF BEING LOCKED UP AND ACTUALLY LIVING IN THE PRSION AND HAVING YOU LIFE ALTERED TO THE WAY THAT PRSIONS SAY 

The Punishment ideology places the intrests of government above the intrests of a criminal offender who desvers a penalty to accomplish some worthwhile purpose. 

Detternce theory is based on the idea that punishing offenders for crimes doscpurages other would be criminals from commiting similar acts 

Name three of the Correctional philophies 

RESTRAINT

            REFORM

            REINTERGRATION 

The text discussed a number of scholars that contributed to the “Age of Enightlment”

VOLTAIRE

            MONTESQUIE

            BROCKWAY 

Two  of the six basic stragies to formalize legislative control over the sentencing process 

            MANDAORY PRISON TERM

            GOODTIME POLICES

            EMERGANCY CROWING PROVISIONS

Dicuss “Sentencing Disparity” 

Discribe diffrences between probation and parole 

 PROBATION IS GIVEN TO AN OFFENDER RATHER THAN IMPRISONMENT. IT IS ALSO NOT A RIGHT IT IS PRIVLEDGE THAT CAN ALSO BE TAKEN AWAY. IT IS ALSO RUN BY THE GOVERNMENT. PAROLE IS RUN BY THE CORRECTIONS SYSTEM. AN OFFENDER CAN BE PUT ON PAROLE ONCE THEY ARE RELASED FROM PRISON. WHEN ON PAROLE AN OFFENDER WILL BE WATCHED OVER CLOSELY SOMETIMES THEY MAY BE REQUIRED TO DO CERTAIN THINGS LIKE NOT DRINK, AND HAVE RANDOM DRUG TESTS

Test #6 

The argricultural prison was begun in NYS 

A “work camp”  is a high-security facilityorganized around work on the exterior or the prison facilty 

A “work camp”  is a high-security facilityorganized around work on the exterior or the prison facilty 

An overwhelming majority of the inmates are males, and relative to the numbers of men and women in the IS resident poulation, their incarceration rate is about tent imes higher per 100,00 population

Beinging in the 1970s, both state and federal courts were asked to examine the operations and polices of correctional facilites and personnel to ensure complice with the 8^th amendments prohibiton against cruel and unusal punishment 

The Justice Department is the unit of federal gov in which the federal bureau of prisons is located 

Athe first federal insitution for female offenders was 

ALDERSAND

The first director of the Federal Bureau  of prisons 

Federal facilities housed over 11,300 female offenders in 200, about 7% of the total population of federal inmates 

Most private operators of prison facilities are for-profit corporations and are generally listed on stock exchangs as investments 

Corrections managers and administrators, as well as correctional unions are generally opposed to private sector prison providers 

Privatization is a realitvly new concept in the field of corrections 

INMATES ARE FIRST CLASSIFIED WHEN THEY ENTER THE PRISONAND THEIR BACKGROUND IS LOOKED AT AND THEY ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THEIR BACKGROUND, AND EXAMPLE COULD BE IF THEY ARE OR EVER HAVE BEEN AFFLIATED WITH A GANG OR IF THEY HAVE EVER BEEN IN PRISON NBEFORE, IF THE HAD EVER COMMITED A PRIOR OFFENCE 

According to the text, perhaps no subject in the feil of corrections has had much controversy at the individual, judge, church, or the administrator levels than parole 

Opponets of the electric chair including Thomas Edison claimed that it must excessively pinful, a claim cehemenlty denised by prison adminstrators who used it 

Furman v. Georgia was the 1977 case that ended the moratorium on the death penaltyF 

The US Supreme court foung that Georgias death penalty gave the sentencer compete and unguided discreation to impose the death penalty 

Prison gangs are called by prison administraors: 

INSTITUATIONAL  THREAT GROUPS 

Those offenders more likely to offend, usually expressed as high- level potential for commiting crime 

Alexander Maconohie was known as the father of parole

Today most states have a parole board tht serves the function formally held by on person 

The US surpreme court in 1971 defined the basic rights of parolees at a parole revovation hearing in Gerogia . ScarpelliF 

All prisoners over a specfic  agee usually 55 yrs old are consrdered : elderly inmates 

Executive clemeny, including pardons may once again beomcome a frequent act as government struggled with the problems of elderly inamtes

Executive clemeny, including pardons may once again beomcome a frequent act as government struggled with the problems of elderly inamtes

Define and discusss 

InDeterminate 

define madatory sentecing 

1. deterrance

general- should be a warning to the population

specific- provides unpeasent sentece in hopes that the offender  will find it not fun

2. Incapacitation

prevent future criminals by restaning the person by not giving them the oppurtnity to commit crimes

3. Retribution

eye for an eye, should pay his or her debt

4. rehabilitaiton

preventin of furture crimnal conduct by offender through radically diff means  

1. restraint 

low concern for offender, if he wants to change then he will but if not then they wont 

2. Reform 

goal to train offender to be a law abiding citizen  throu total manipulation and control of their enviorment 

3. rehablitation 

the offender can cause perosnal change, concered with the needs of the offender

4. Reintergration 

seeks to acheiove change in the offender and community 

furman was in the process of robbing a house when he was caught and tried to flee but fell, gun went off and killed a resident and then furman recived death penalty, which was cruel and unusal punishment 

-violation og the 8th amendment 

gregg v. georgia