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Definition
category of people within a society who possess distinct physical or
cultural characteristics and maintain superior power and resources. |
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Definition
any category of people with recognizable racial or ethnic traits that
place it in a position of restricted power and inferior status so that its members suffer
limited opportunities and rewards. |
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belief that actual or alleged differences between racial groups assert the
superiority of one racial group. |
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| action performed by one person or group that produces racial abuse. |
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iscriminatory racial practices built into such prominent structures
as the political, economic, and education systems. |
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Term
| Three types of individual racism: |
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Definition
Old-fashioned Racism
Symbolic Racism
Cultural Camouflage for Modern Racism |
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Definition
the openly held belief in the superiority of white
race (biological argument) |
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the prejudices against the behavioral deficiencies of the
minorities in their deviation from the mainstream values.
(Examples: “they” are likely to seek welfare, do not have strong work ethic) |
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| Cultural Camouflage for Modern Racism |
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Definition
the hidden racist outlook,
which only surfaces when opportunity triggers it to do so. |
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tendency to assume that one’s culture and way of life are superior to all
others. |
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feeling of separation between individuals and groups. Emory Bogardus
developed a scale to measure social distance. |
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a highly negative judgement toward a minority group focusing on one or
more characteristics that are supposedly uniformly shared by all group members. |
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an exaggerated, oversimplified image, maintained by prejudiced people, of
the characteristics of the group members against whom they are prejudiced. |
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the behavior by which one group prevents or restricts a minority
group’s access to scarce resources. |
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Term
| William Julius Wilson (Question) |
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Definition
| Is the Significance of Race declining? |
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Term
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Definition
Race relations between blacks and whites emerged over a period:
ð blatant racism in the system of slavery
ð emancipation of slaves; racial oppression was present along with class
conflict (conflict over economic resources)
ð transition from racial inequalities to class inequalities |
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Term
| Four conditions of Internal Colonialism: |
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Definition
ð control over minority group’s governance
ð restriction of a racial minority’s freedom of movement
ð colonial labor principle
ð belief in the inferiority of a minority group’s culture and social
organization |
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Term
| Criticism against Internal Colonialism theory: |
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Definition
a) it does not reflect the inequalities and oppression under colonialism
b) it fails to address divisions within the dominant group and the status of
multiple minorities in relation to them
c) undermines the minority’s potential to change their destiny |
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Term
| What kind of Theory is Internal Colonialism? |
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Definition
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| Conflict Perspective or conflict theories |
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Definition
highlight and criticize inequality present in
political, economic, and social structures and institutions. |
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| Davis, Gardner, and Gardner |
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Definition
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Definition
a socially legitimated arrangement of groups in which the ranking of the
different groups is specified, and the movement of individuals from one group to another is prohibited. |
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| Caste system 3 “rituals of subordination”: |
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Definition
- spatial segregation
- deferential behavior
- endogamy |
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Definition
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| John Dollard’s Caste Theory |
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Definition
Advantages of whites for holding a dominant position in a caste system:
- economic benefit
- sexual gain
- prestige gain |
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Term
| Advantages of whites for holding a dominant position in a caste system: |
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Definition
- economic benefit
- sexual gain
- prestige gain |
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Term
| Oliver Cromwell Cox’s Theory of Racism |
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Definition
From a Marxian stand point, this man claims that blacks are twice oppressed, both economically and racially. (double exploitation)
whites use certain violent practices such as lynching to keep the blacks “in their place.” |
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Term
| The process leading to lynching: |
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Definition
a) Perception among local whites that blacks are gaining prominence
b) Agreement among whites that blacks pose immediate threat
c) Rumored or actual incident accusing blacks against whites (serves as a
triggering event)
d) White mob mobilization and mob violence
e) Mob’s emotional release; judicial investigation with minimal or no retribution
f) New racial adjustments with blacks accepting oppressive conditions |
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| Sidney Wilhelm’s Theory of Racism |
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Definition
‘Restricted educational and occupational opportunities’ for the blacks leaves them less
prepared in a post-industrial world. (especially with the economic restructuring of the U.S. in the 80s and 90s) |
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Definition
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| Donald Noel’s Theory of Ethnic Stratification |
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Definition
Three conditions for racial stratification to emerge:
ð ethnocentrism
ð competition for scarce resources
ð dominance of one group over the other |
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Definition
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critical of the euro-centric and andro-centric theories explaining race.
She contends that, both black thought and consciousness should emerge out of lives and
personal experiences of black women. |
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| Structural-Functionalist Theories: |
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Definition
Emphasis lies on maintaining social order and equilibrium in the society. Hence, their
view on race relations does not acknowledge any friction or tension in the long-run. |
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Definition
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| Cycle of Race Relations (Four Stages) |
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Definition
| Contact => competition => accommodation => assimilation |
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Term
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Definition
a process of interpenetration and fusion in which persons and groups
acquire the memories, sentiments and attitudes of other persons or groups, and, by
sharing their experience and history, are incorporated with them in a common cultural life. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Assimilation happens at seven levels: |
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Term
| Assimilation happens at seven levels: |
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Definition
Cultural Assimilation
Structural Assimilation
Marital Assimilation
Identificational Assimilation
Prejudice-free Assimilation
Discrimination-free Assimilation
Civic Assimilation |
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| Nathan Glazer and Daniel Patrick Moynihan |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Instead of assimilation, racial and ethnic minority groups are viewed to have a potential
of being ‘interest groups’.
Manifestation of such group solidarity helps in protecting their interests in a multicultural society.
The tendency to operate as a distinct interest group is due to the commonly shared history, communal ties, organizational linkages, language, religion, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Critique of Glazer and Moynihan’s Pluralist Model |
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Term
| Critique of Glazer and Moynihan’s Pluralist Model |
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Definition
Four reasons why ethnic revival is in decline:
ð Distance from the homelands
ð Interdependence of Ethnic Communities with the General Society
ð The Decline of Ethnic Prejudice
ð Homogenizing Trend in the Modern Societies |
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Term
| Four reasons why ethnic revival is in decline: |
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Definition
ð Distance from the homelands
ð Interdependence of Ethnic Communities with the General Society
ð The Decline of Ethnic Prejudice
ð Homogenizing Trend in the Modern Societies |
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Term
| Gordon Allport’s Theory on Prejudice |
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Definition
| Prejudice is learnt in three stages: |
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Term
| Prejudice is learnt in three stages (Allport): |
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Definition
Pregeneralized Learning (around 6yrs of age) – prejudice against particular individual is
learnt; not against the whole race or ethnic group.
Total Rejection (around 8 to 11 yrs of age) – conveyed through language and parental
instructions total rejection of a racial/ethnic minority is possible.
Differentiation (around 15yrs) learning the ‘double-talk’ of both racial equality and prejudice (cultural camouflage of modern racism). |
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Term
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Definition
| Frustration-Aggression Theory or Scapegoat Theory |
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Term
| Frustration-Aggression Theory or Scapegoat Theory |
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Definition
The frustrations of failure in achieving ones goals are usually channeled through
aggression.
The true source of frustration is substituted by a scapegoat. Example, frustrations of
unemployment might result in blaming minorities for ‘taking all their jobs’. |
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Term
| Conditions for scapegoating (Allport): |
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Definition
ð visibility of minority group
ð weaker position / unable to retaliate
ð physically accessible / proximity
ð hostility from past
ð symbol of an unpopular concept |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory of Authoritarian Personality |
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Term
| Theory of Authoritarian Personality |
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Definition
Correlation has been identified between an individuals’ ‘early childhood experiences of
harsh parental discipline’ and their ‘development of an authoritarian personality’
These children in their adulthood may demonstrate displaced aggression, directing their
hostility against a powerless group to compensate for their feelings of insecurity and fear.
Authoritarian Personality is characterized by rigidity of viewpoint, dislike of ambiguity,
strict obedience to leaders, and intolerance of weakness in themselves and others. |
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Term
Four viewpoints on Race Relations among
sociologists: |
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Definition
Racial Optimists
Racial Pesoptimists
Symbolic Racism
Laissez-faire Racism |
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Term
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Definition
these scholars agree that racism is in decline and race relations are
heading in a positive direction |
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Term
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Definition
these scholars believe that both the elements are present - elements
of racial liberalism (end of segregation, equal opportunity) and policy rejection (rejecting
policies such as affirmative action) |
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Term
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Definition
these scholars argue that racism still persists in a different form.
Judging minorities based on ‘traditional American moral values’ (protestant work ethic)
results in their racial resentment. |
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Term
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Definition
these scholars claim that racism persists as the minority groups
are judged culturally inferior. Example, they are usually blamed for their poor economic
standing. |
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Definition
refers to ‘the totality of the social relations and practices that reinforce
white privilege’. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to ‘the racially based frameworks used by actors to explain and justify or challenge the racial status quo. |
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Term
| Four central frames of Color-Blind Racism: |
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Definition
1. Abstract Liberalism
2. Naturalization
3. Cultural Racism
4. Minimization of Racism |
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Term
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Definition
Using ideas associated with political liberalism (e.g., equal
opportunity) and economic liberalism (e.g., freedom, choice, individualism) in an abstract
manner to explain racial matters. |
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Term
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Definition
Allows whites to explain away racial phenomenon by suggesting they
are natural occurrences. |
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Term
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Definition
Using the cultural arguments to explain the standing of minorities in
society. Example: “Mexicans do not put much emphasis on education”, “blacks have too
many babies”. |
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Term
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Definition
Discrimination is no longer a central factor affecting
minorities’ life chances. Example: “Its better now than in the past”, “There is
discrimination, but there are plenty of jobs out there”. |
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Term
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Definition
| blatant, intentional acts of racial bigotry and discrimination |
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Term
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Definition
more subtle – laughing at racist jokes, letting exclusionary hiring
practices go unchallenged, avoiding difficult race-related issues, etc. |
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