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Race and Ethnicity Part II
Week 7-12
54
Social Studies
Undergraduate 1
02/20/2012

Additional Social Studies Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Queue
Definition
-Head is shaved except to where the ponytail comes down
-Started in the front of the head and could not be cut
-Became compulsory to maintain the hairstyle because not having it was treasonous
-Symbol as loyalty to royal family => Queue Order
Term
Taiping Rebellion (1851-1864)
Definition
Hong Xiuquan: Tried to pass the civil service exam in China
Tries to pass it 4 times and fails - > becomes delirious and receives visions
Thinks he is the younger brother of Jesus Christ
Christianity
- Push in 18th-19th century for Christianity
Worship God Society: 1st movement; received a lot attention in Southern part
of China (significant bc most of the trade occurred here)
Equality (What they plan on / want)
For men and women
Equal distribution of land before the movement starts
Forbid the use of foot binding (represented beauty)
Ban practice of concubine
Banning opium, tobacco, etc.
Battles by rebels begin to win because of Western support (guns, cannons, ships, new troop training techniques) because they have a sphere of influence
The win became known as the Ever Victorious Army
Term
Republic of China
Definition
-A result of a national uprising against the Qing Dynasty
-Trade is still very important
-Outline conflict of insurgency within China
Term
People's Republic of China
Definition
Nationalists still allow some occupation of land but do not want the Japanese involved (Japanese remain till 1945)
From 1930 - 1945 Japan occupies majority of coastal region which makes it difficult to trade
Nationalists and Communists work together against the Japanese during WWII but can’t do much because they are under occupation
Eventually Communists win => People’s Republic of China
More successful in garnering support from the people
Guerilla warfare between the nationalists and communism leads to a communist victory = 10/01/1949 PRC is formed
Fighting still goes on, China’s nationalist party leads to exile in Taiwan
Term
Burlingame Treaty of 1868
Definition
Between the U.S. and China
Establishes formal friendly relations between the two countries
-Gives China a status of a most favored nation state
-Gives China right to have counsel and eminent domain over its territories
-Allowed large scale Chinese immigration in 1868
Term
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
Definition
First federal law to exclude Chinese immigration
Initially to only last for 10 years but it was extended indefinitely until 1943
Those who could claim Chinese American parents could get around the law
Discrimination
- Restricted immigration by race and class
Veto
- Passes in senate and house and President overturns it
Repealed 1943
Angel Island
West Coast version of Ellis Island
Opens in 1910 and processes tens of thousands Asian immigrants (mainly Chinese) but many were denied entry
Term
Magnuson Act of 1943
Definition
-Repealed exclusion act of 1882
-Allowed all Chinese nationalists to come
Term
Chinatowns
Definition
-Chinatowns showed up around the states (NY & CA)
-Factories were typically horrendous (aka sweat shop: crowded and hot)
-Language Barriers (not knowing English) led to conflict between American born Chinese
-1st generation had a good work ethic
-While those that came later on would subjugate the 1st ones to come over
Term
Immigration Act of 1917
Definition
-Added to the undesirable list
-Barred criminals, epileptic, homosexuals, alcoholics, etc.
-Pres. Wilson objected to it but Congress passed it after the 4th time
Term
Castle Garden
Definition
-August 1, 1855 - April 18, 1890
-8 million immigrants
-1882 Immigration Law
Standardized procedures in order to be processed into the US and acquire citizenship
-Americans afraid of escape, incoming diseases
Term
Bureau of Immigration
Definition
Later known as INS
Processed Immigrants
Term
Annie Moore
Definition
-15 year old girl who happened to be the first one to enter/processed through the gates (Irish)
-Presented 10 gold piece from officials
-Bringing her two brothers over since their parents were already in America
Term
Island of Tears
Definition
Role of Inspectors
- Watched for the feeble minded, sick, mentally insane, etc.
Medical Examinations
Registration
- Passing examinations they had to say their name and those who could not answer, the officers changed it themselves (Americanized it)
Term
"Steerage" Passengers
Definition
-Traveled in crowded and unsanitary cabins
-Being blocked off from 1st and 2nd class, eating in communal areas
-Near bottom of steamships with few amenities
-Many were sea sick and processed into the hospital as a result
Term
The Great Hall
Definition
-Hall of hope and tears
-As soon as they entered, they were pinned numbers until their examination
-Determined whether or not they’d be accepted into America
-Needed to be able to prove they could sustain a living and disease free
Term
Pogroms
Definition
- Central and Eastern European

-Organized and officially encouraged attacks against the Jews
-Jews were easy targets and were scapegoats of C. and E. Europe because they did nothing
-Usually without foundation
-Initiates people from C&E Europe to immigrate to the US
Term
Ashkenazi Jews
Definition
Known as the “German Jew”
-Descendants from those that came from the Rhine in Germany
-From central and eastern Europe (Germany, Poland, Russia, etc.)
Term
Sephardic Jews
Definition
-Descendants from those who settled in Iberian peninsula (Spain)
-Expelled from Spain during the Inquisition (1492)
Term
“Jew Bill”
Definition
-States had power to withhold powerful positions
-1826: gives them the right to vote
Term
Kosher Meat Boycott of 1902
Definition
-The price of meat increases from 12% to 18%
-Declared strike on local butchers on lower east side
-Lasted 3 weeks until meat prices were brought down to reasonable price
Term
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory
Definition
-1911: 146 people die (majority were Jewish women)
-Responsible for textiles and clothing; workers wanted unionization
-Unsafe work conditions and inadequate safety measures as well as not enough exits (only one exit that also served as entrance)
-Showed many Jewish women working outside of homes
Term
National Council of Jewish Women
Definition
-Founded in 1893 in Chicago
-Started as volunteer organization involved with
-Progressive Movements, Child Labor Movements, etc.
-Influential in new Jewish Immigrant families
Term
Anti-Semitism
Definition
-Stereotypes and discrimination against the Jews -Seen through the idea that Jewish Americans are too intelligent and devious
Term
Italian Unification
Definition
  • Sardinia
  • Well organized, has constitution, provided numerous civil liberties, true representation and elected by people who had a certain income
  • King Victor Emmanuel
  • Ruled Sardinia; somewhat liberal for a time period but is still a monarch
  • Son takes over afterwards and (King Victor Emmanuel II) brings about Fascism
  • Count Camillo Benso di Cavour 
  • Form a noble family and has personal substantial wealth and is the Architect of the Unification of Italy
Term
Camillo Benso di Cavour
Definition
  • Form a noble family and has personal substantial wealth and is the Architect of the Unification of Italy
  • Focused on unifying Northern Italy first because it was more prosperous
  • Go to war against Austria and are able to win and unify Northern Italy
  • Southern Italy is not on board immediately 
  • In Southern Italy there is a national uprising by Giuseppe Girabldi who is largely used by Cavour 
  • Girabaldi: Two Sicily’s are joined then going through Naples and marching through Rome (which is a no-no) & Cavour tries to put a stop to it
  • Cavour, Girabaldi, and Emmanuel meet in the middle of the Pope’s palace in1860 and Italy is unified 
Term
Mussolini
Definition
  • Rules through Fascism
  • Fascism: an authoritarian and nationalistic right wing system of government with a lot of social organization to it 
  • 1922 becomes prime minister and eventually president and leads a coup-a-ta
  • But there is still a King in place (V.Emmanuel the II) who is close to the Pope
  • Eventually deposed and killed because he had a squadron of cops around, rounded up people, lots of violence - discrimination 
Term
Northern vs. Southern Italian Immigrants
Definition
  • Work (mostly Northerners perspective)
  • Shopkeepers

- Northerners were able to open and keep their shops

  • Manual Laborers 
  • Southerners had to take up manual jobs such as construction, etc. 
  • Basically like being the “middle man”
  • Female Work
  • Work at home (wanted to preserve culture and family ties)
  • One of the first groups that did not have majority of domestic care because of the language barrier 
Term
Italian Catholocism
Definition
  • Jesuits: over 400 trying to reform the ones in the “Wild West”  such as cowboys/Native Americans 
  • Jesuits were known to be highly education: created universities/higher education institutions 
  • Going to church was a social event; Catholicism had to remain in their lives to preserve ones identity 
Term
Emergency Quota act of 1921
Definition

- Limited immigration to 3% of the immigrant population of the 1910 census 


Term
''Little Italy"
Definition
  • No need to assimilate
  • Posed difficulties for when someone were to go out and try to communicate with Americans
  • Bond: made it easier to survive 
  • Kinship Ties
  • Bond - Preserve cultural institutions 
  • More Profitable 
  • Hierarchies and grudges carried over with them to the United States
  • Had to work for lower wages and dangerous working conditions 
  • Most were unskilled and faced discrimination 
  • Housing 
  • Most did not have indoor plumbing
  • Poor conditions = caused many diseases
Term
"Mafia" Myth
Definition
  • Italian Crime
  • Image that they were substantially involved in organized crime (majority had nothing to do with the mafia)
  • Depicted as lawless and thugs
  • Most crimes were on small scales such as those attributed to poverty
  • With the ban of alcohol, more organized crime appeared 
Term
National Italian American Federation
Definition
  • Founded in 1975 
  • Dedicated to preserving Italian culture in America
  • Sons of Italy in America
  • Those who wanted to make sure their culture was preserved in America (men) 
Term
Tsar
Definition

Emperor

Term
Pan-Slavism
Definition
  • Ethnically similar
  • Duty of all Slavs to help there brethren 
  • Mostly Christians particularly Eastern Orthodox
Term
Slavic Peoples
Definition
  • Russians: Largest group of Immigrants
  • Polish
  • Slavs
  • Jews
  • Balkans 
Term
Romanov Family
Definition
  • Family runs Russia from 1613-1917 
  • Peter the Great: tries to modernize Russia 
  • Goes on a grand tour of Europe & comes back to Russia & requires all noblemen to be clean shaven, wear traditional European dress, eat with utensils
  • Had to earn titles 
  • Created St. Petersburg: supposed to be gateway to Europe  
  • Not in touch with the average Russian 
Term
Alexander II
Definition
  • Sympathetic towards the people but did not know how to exactly go about fixing it
  • Emancipated the serfs - seen as a liberal tsar
  • Assassinated by right wing group
  • Emancipation of Serfs (1861)
  • Serfs are tied to the land because they owe a feudal duty to the Lord
  • Emancipated the Serfs on a condition
Term
Serfs
Definition
  • Serfs are tied to the land because they owe a feudal duty to the Lord
Term
Mir
Definition
  • Serfs lived here with a community of other serfs who worked under the same lord 
Term
Conscription
Definition
  • Not everyone was required to serve in the military
  • Village elders would decide who would go (Example: 3 people) 
  • Life long endeavor - village would hold a funeral for you because you would never come back & if you did, no one would likely recognize you 
Term
"White" Russians
Definition
  • Those in favor of the Tsar 
Term

Dukhobors

 

Molokans

Definition
  • Pacifists group
  • Very distinctive culture and religious denominations (Eastern Orthodox but have a evangelical spin to it)
Term
The Great Thaw
Definition
  • After Stalin’s death in 1953 and Kruschev takes over, Russia and the U.S. somewhat open up to each other
  • Visits Eisenhower in the States 
  • Once he finds out about the Missile Crisis with Cuba = Cold War ensues
  • Authorities in the Soviet Union, allow citizens to leave without stopping them (many people take advantage of this - artists, writers, actors, etc) 

 

Term
Polish Catholics
Definition
  • Poland is the first to become free from the Soviet Union 
  • Huge amount come over after WWII and Communism
Term
Japanese Isolation
Definition

  i.  Don’t like to trade with other countries/keep to themselves

  ii.  Their culture was able to be maintained very well because of this

Term
Commodore Matthew Perry
Definition

 i. 1853 start to see more exposure to the west

             ii. Matthew sailed in with treaty to trade with the U.S.

             iii. Changes them from feudal to centralized

             iv.  Become imperial power


Term
The Role of Hawaii
Definition

   Hawaii

            i. Sugar cane plantations

1.       Post-civil war

2.       Very few white laborers

3.       U.S. entrepreneurs would set up shop

a.       Took advantage of them

4.       Hawaii was not a part of U.S. yet

a.       1898 it becomes a part of U.S.

5.       Hawaiians who worked fields were last in racial hierarchy

b.      Mainland migration

              i.  Occurs after 1880

1.       Not farmers or laborers

2.       Were mainly shop owners and tradesmen

a.       Became a concern for U.S. citizens

Term
Sugar Cane Plantations
Definition
Term
Alien Land Law
Definition

Prohibited persons from citizenship (basically all non-whites) from owning land


Term
"Picture Brides"
Definition
Term
The Nisei
Definition
2nd generation (U.S. born)
Term
The Issei
Definition
1st generation (immigrant born)
Term
Executive Order 9066
Definition

    i. 1942 Roosevelt order all military areas to evacuate any/all persons from area (which meant the Japanese)


   ii. Declared certain areas (mostly the west coast) military zones, so officials could relocate Japanese to camps


Term
Relocation Camps (Internment Camps)
Definition

 ii. Declared certain areas (mostly the west coast) military zones, so officials could relocate Japanese to camps

1.       These were called internment camps and relocation camps

                   iii. Reparations

1.       Paying people for hardships they went through at a certain time

a.       Didn’t come until 1988 (Reagan)

b.      Although Japanese were released from camps around 1948


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