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| a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as therapy |
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| a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood |
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| Freud's theory of personality and theraputic technique that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts |
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| a pyschological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions |
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| deviant disstressful and dysfunctional behavior patterns |
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| the scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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| the studyof the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior |
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| the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them |
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| pyschophysiological illness |
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| literally, "mind body" illness; any stress-related illness, such as hypertension and some headaches |
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| the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) during which, according to Freud, the Id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distince erogenous zones |
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| surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior |
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| an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from pschological difficulties |
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| the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing |
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| an event that decreases the behavior that it follows |
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| the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters |
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| assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups |
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| a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
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| the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution |
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| defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions |
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| psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites |
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| a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test |
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| the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors |
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| an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them |
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| a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test |
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| a simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus |
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| a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm |
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| psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile pyschosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated |
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| regression toward the mean |
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| the tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average |
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| the conscious repitition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage |
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| in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows |
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| the perception that one is worse off relative to those whom one compares oneself |
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| a memory measure that asseses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time |
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| the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternative forms of the test, or on retesting |
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| the tendency for REM skeep to increase following REM sleep deprivation |
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| rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. |
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| repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) |
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| the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity |
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| repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different perticipants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances |
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| representativeness heuristic |
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| judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information |
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| in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness |
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| in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material |
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| behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning |
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| a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal |
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| the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus a layer of neurons that begin the processing of visual information |
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| a binocular cue for perceiving depth- the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object |
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| the process of getting information out of memory storage |
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| the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information |
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| retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond |
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| a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave |
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| a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple |
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| the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots |
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| a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as computation or drawing |
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| the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame |
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| a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. little scatter means hish correlation |
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| a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information |
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| a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions |
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| secondary sex characteristics |
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| nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair |
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| the focusing of conscious awareness on particular stimulus, as in the cocktail party effect |
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| according to maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and pschological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential |
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| (1) a sense of one's identity and personal worth. (2) all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question "Who am I?" |
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| revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others |
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| one's feelings of high or low self-worth |
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| a readiness to perceive oneself favorably |
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| the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words |
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| the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning |
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| the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment |
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| in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities |
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| sensorineural hearing loss |
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| hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness |
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| diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation |
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| the area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations |
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| the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste |
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| the immediate, very breif recording of sensory information in the memory system |
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| neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system |
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| our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list |
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| the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set |
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| a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning |
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| an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex or the other sex |
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| the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson- excitment, plateau, orgasm, and resolution |
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| an operant conditioning procedure in whcich reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |
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| activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing before the information is stored or forgotten |
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| a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue |
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| periodic, natural, reversible loss of conciousness |
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| a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings |
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| social-cognitive persepctive |
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| views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social context |
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| social-responsibility norm |
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| an expectation that people will help those dependent on them |
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| the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement |
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| the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of ehich is to maximize benefits and minimize costs |
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| stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others |
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| group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support |
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| the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished |
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| the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal that when individually accountable |
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| the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and to relate to another |
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| a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behaviors |
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| the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles |
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| attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. along with misinformation effect it is at the heart of false memories |
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| the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is acheived in massed study or practice |
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| a condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly of the corpus callosum) between them |
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| the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response |
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| overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders |
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| a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score |
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| defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested standardization group |
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| the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford university) of Binet's original intelligence test |
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| a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occured by chance |
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| a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people |
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| a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype |
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drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstacy
) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions |
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| the retention of encoded information over time |
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| the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age |
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| an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind |
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| the process by which we perceive and respond to certian events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging |
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| interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales |
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| self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being to evaluate people's quality of life |
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| below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness |
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| the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement and for future aspirations |
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| shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation |
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| a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them |
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| sympathetic nervous system |
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| the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations |
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| the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron |
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| the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language |
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| systematic desensitization |
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| a type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety triggereing stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias |
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| involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long term use of antipsychotic drugs that target D2 dopamine receptors |
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| goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals |
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| early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram- "go car" using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words |
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| a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity |
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| the protion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears, includes the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory information primarily form the opposite ear |
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| agents such as chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm |
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| proposes that faith in one's world-view and the pursuit of self-esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted fear of death |
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| the most important of the male sex hormones |
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| the brain's sensory switchboard, located on the top of the brainstem, it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla |
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| the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations |
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| a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes |
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| an explanation using sn intergrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations |
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| people's ideas about their own and others' mental states-about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict |
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| the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse |
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| an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and canm later exchange the tokens for various privledges or treats |
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| the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect |
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| information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations |
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| a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act |
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| conversion of one form of energy into another. |
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| in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships |
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| Schachter-Singer's theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal |
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| beginning about age 2, the stage in speechdevelopment during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements |
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| Freidman and Roseman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people |
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| Friedman and Roseman's term for easygoing, relaxed people |
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| unconditional positive regard |
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| according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person |
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| in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occuring response to the inconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in mouth |
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| In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically- triggers a response |
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| according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. today psychologists suggest it is information processing of which we are unaware |
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| the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to |
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| variable-interval schedule |
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| in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses |
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| in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses |
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| the sense that body movement and position, including the sense of balance |
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| virtual reality exposure therapy |
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| An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to stimulatios of their greatest fears |
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| the tendency for vision to dominate the other senses |
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| the encoding of picture images |
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| a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals |
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| the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. |
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| the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) |
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| the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance subtests |
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| controls language reception-a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe |
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| the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug |
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| a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory |
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| the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two and males have one |
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| the sex chromosome found only in males |
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| three color theory (Young-Helmholtz) |
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| the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors-one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue-which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color |
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