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Quiz #1
Levels of Organization and Crop Phenology
30
Plant Sciences
Undergraduate 3
09/22/2015

Additional Plant Sciences Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are the levels of organization from highest to lowest?
Definition
  1. Crop
  2. Plant
  3. Organ
  4. Tissue
  5. Cell
  6. Organelle
  7. Molecule
  8. Atom
Term
What are levels of organization based on?
Definition
Time and spacital scales
Term
Why is DNA not the blueprint of life?
Definition
DNA is more like a parts list. We know what is required to make something
Term
What is reductionism?
Definition

Breaking large topics down into smaller ones

 

Airplane analogy 

Term
Looking at levels of Organization, what kind of jumps can you make?
Definition
Small ones (ie. canopy to leaf)
Term
Why was there a large increase in maize yields?
Definition
Introduction of fertilizer and herbicide use
Term
Why does Corn's LAI develop later?
Definition
Due to later planting. Look at crop's ability to intercept radiation to predict biomass production
Term
What is the difference between Crop and Plant Physiology?
Definition

Crop Physiology

- Doesn't stop at individual plant level

- Uses spacital scale (canopy scale)

- Includes plant community (ie. field of corn) in levels of organization

 

Plant Physiology

- Looks at cellular and sub-cellular processes

- Looks at whole plant and stops at individual plant

- Each plant responds differently to the elements it is exposed to

Term
How is Agronomy diferent that Crop Physiology?
Definition

Agronomy

- Works at high levels of organization

- Processes are extremely complex at this level

- Looks at "how and what" rather than "why" questions

- Results may not be fully portable 

Term
What are the 2 components to scientific approaches in agriculture?
Definition
  1. Isolation (this reduces complicating and unpredictable influences of external items)
  2. Reduction (investigates natural phenomena by looking at individual components)
Term
What is the difference between growth and development?
Definition

Growth - simple increase in mass, volume, height. Mainly used to refer to an INCREASE IN DRY MATTER

 

Development - attainment of particular stages of the life cycle of a crop. Associated with an increase in complexity

Term
Does a seed in the dark grow?
Definition
No. It develops, but doesn't grow because no dry matter is accumulated
Term
Can growth occur without development?
Definition
Yes. For instance, in the grain filling period when starch is acquired
Term
What is Phenology?
Definition
qualitative and quantitative description of a plant's life cycle from seed to seed
Term
What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative phenology?
Definition

Qualitative - morphological development; partitioning the life cycle into distinct development stages

 

Quantitative - rate of development and duration of life cycle

Term
What are 2 things that influence Phenology?
Definition
temperature and photoperiod
Term
What is a determinant species?
Definition

Clear distinction between vegetative and reproductive stages

 

Vegetative structures made before flowering. As soon as 1 flower appears, then it is in reproductive phase 

Term
What is an indeterminant species?
Definition
Vegetative and reproductive stage overlap
Term
What is the difference between crop and plant development staging?
Definition

Crop - declare that a stage has been reached once 50% of plants are at or beyond the stage

 

Plant - easy to stage 1 plant

Term
Describe the 3 parts to functional phenology
Definition
  1. Establishing machinery - machinery produces raw materials to be used later (ie. leaves for photosynthesis)
  2. Potential period - potential size of final economic yield is established. If a stress occurs here, there is a limit on yield potential
  3. Economic product made - this is the grain filling period (usually very short)
Term
What is the Rate of Development?
Definition

the inverse of the amount of time between 2 subsequent developmental stages/periods

 

How quickly a crop goes through a stage

 

TEMPERATURE IMPACTS RoD


Impacted by GENETICS and ENVIRONMENT

Term
True or False - Temperature impacts enzyme activity
Definition
True.
Term
What is phyllochron?
Definition
leaf time. The days between appearance of next leaves
Term
What is Growing Degree Days?
Definition

Used to show the relationship between temperature and development

 

Problematic: inaccurate once dail minimum temperatures fall below base temperature. RoD can be overestimated if very high temperatures are used 

 

= (Dail max temp + Daily min temp)/2 - Base temp

Term
What are CHU?
Definition

Crop Heat Units

 

suggests that temperature response of development differs between day and night (no physiological foundation for this)

 

CHU day = 3.33(tmax-10) - 0.084(Tmin-10)2

 

CHU night = 9/5x(Tmin-4.4)

 

CHU = CHU day + CHU night

Term
What are short and long day plants?
Definition

Short day = need long night to flower

Long day = needs short night to flower

 

Nortern varieties need short nights to flower (they're long day plants)

 

Later maturity zones need shorter days 

Term
What is vernilization?
Definition
the use of cold temperatures to induce flowering
Term
T or F - reproductive structures are developing during vegetative growth
Definition
true
Term
How do you know if a variety of soybeans is determinant?
Definition
See a cluster of flowers at the top. This stops meristem growth to terminate vegetative growth
Term
What happens if you pull the bowls off of cotton?
Definition
plant makes more meristem leaves because there is no signal to stop vegetative growth
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