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| One who does not believe that God exists. |
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| One who is uncertain whether God exists, especially one who does not believe it is possible to know for certain. |
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| The study of how to defend your faith, usually on the basis of rational argument. |
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| God must exist in order to explain where the world came from. |
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| The most immediate and direct cause of an event. |
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| Creation of the world "out of nothing." |
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| An event that is not explicable on the basis of normal scientific, cause-effect reasoning. |
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| The existence of an intelligent Designer (God) is necessary to explain the complexity and order in creation. |
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| Pockets of random complexity tend to develop as a virtual mathematical certainty. |
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| The fundamental human sense of right and wrong cannot be explained without recourse to a moral Creator. |
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| If all entities had only a possible existence then conceivably nothing might exist. Since something does, there must be at least one Necessary thing. |
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| If we can conceive of the greatest possible Being, it must also therefore exist. |
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| Put forward the Ontological argument. He leaned toward idealism, where reality is closely related to ideas. |
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Argued that the existence of God could be rationally demonstrated by observing God's effect on the creation.
He also advanced the 5 proofs for God's existence. |
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| Skeptic that argued no amount of eyewitness testimony could justify belief in a miracle. |
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| "If one finds a watch, one automatically assumes there must have been a watchmaker." |
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| Argued that God must exist beyond this world. Rejected Anselm's argument as incoherent. |
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| Showed that Christian faith was reasonable and that reason virtually compels a person to such faith. |
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| Advanced NEW versions of the ontological argument. "God is properly basic" |
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| Argued that even evolution proceeds according to certain laws- "laws of nature" |
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| "You made us for yourself, and our hearts are restless till they find rest in you." |
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| "The heart has reasons that reason can't know." |
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| "Two things fill the mind with ever-increasing wonder.... the starry heavens above me and the moral law within me." |
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| 5 Arguments for God's Existence |
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| Motion, Efficient Causes, Possibility and Necessity, Gradation of Being, and Design |
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| Belief in God is much better than choosing not to believe in God. |
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| Thought we were made for God, and so our hearts would be restless until we found peace in him. |
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| Argued it was because people wanted a father figure powerful enough to keep them safe from the world |
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| Thought God was a projection of all the best virtues of humanity taken as a whole. |
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Friedrich Nietzsche
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| Thought God was an idea the weak used to gain power over those stronger than them. |
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| Wrote "Evidence That Demands a Verdict" |
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| "If I can understand God objectively, I do not have faith" |
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| Argued that complexity was simply a matter of chance evolution, where more-complex forms of life tend to dominate... |
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| The modern sense of nations where a relatively large group of people in a significant space embrace a common identity and governance. |
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| A way of understanding something not intrinsic to the thing itself but generated by a social group. |
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| Cities as the unit of independent governance in the ancient world, usually with each city having its own king. |
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| Social and Political Philosophy |
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| Branch of philosophy that tries to ascertain the best (and worst) ways we might live together. |
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| Rule by God or certain gods. |
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| Rule by one sovereign individual. |
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| The idea that since kings are appointed by God, their authority cannot be questioned or undermined. |
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| Rule by the most virtuous in a society. "landed gentry" |
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| Rule by the people where individuals directly make a community's decisions. |
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| Rule by the people where individuals elect representatives to make most of the direct decisions for them. |
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| A form of representative, democratic government in which individual rights are protected from the whims of the majority. |
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| Balance of Power/Checks and balances |
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| Where the power of one entity is held in check or balanced by the power of another, so that no one power has absolute authority or can abuse its power. |
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| Chaos, the absence of order. |
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| An economic system in which individuals and companies accumulate wealth by selling their resources for profit. |
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| The workers of a society. |
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| Members of the managerial, business class of a society who control the production and distribution of goods. |
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| Utopian vision of a classless, stateless society in which all resources are held in common by a people. |
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| An approach to communism that saw socialism as a necessary transition to a classless society, led by a professional class of revolutionaries. |
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| Economic system in which the state owns everything and directs the production and distribution of goods. |
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| An implicit or explicit agreement among the members of a society to abide by certain common rules for everyone's mutual benefit. |
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| Stated that the king did not have the authority do do whatever he wanted with the people. |
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| If you live and remain in a particular place, you agree to abide by the social contract established by its majority. |
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| The position of the majority. |
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| The system of producing and distributing goods in a society. |
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| The process of becoming a society that functions off of manufactured products rather than farm products. |
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| All the resources a person has at his or her disposal for production and exchange, including money, equipment, products, and land. |
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| "to allow to do," another name for free-enterprise system. |
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| In economics, another name for the approach that favors a free-enterprise system. |
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| An economic system that allows individuals to start their own business in which they set their own prices and the terms of trade, with limited governmental intervention. |
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| The basic pattern that prices go up when supply is low or when demand is high. |
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| An approach to economics that focuses on governmental intervention to make sure that the total spending of the private and governmental sectors is in equilibrium with the total demand for goods and services. |
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| A heterodox school of economics that opposes using mathematical models for understanding economies (macro) and strongly opposes governmental regulation of economies (central planning). |
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| A mathematical approach to economics that sees equilibrium between the money supply and the gross domestic product of a nation as the key economic health. It otherwise opposes governmental attempts to manipulate an economy. |
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| The sense that only a certain amount of materials or goods exist and therefore that for one person to have more, another must have less. |
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| Ideal society ran parallel to his sense of the virtuous person. Each person would do what they were most suited to do. Ex. The wisest in the society should lead. |
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| Did not believe a person could be fully happy unless that person was in a good society. Believed in Monarchy. |
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| Believed that the idea of society involves foregoing somethings that might be to our short term advantage for the greater benefit of living together in peace. Ex. no stealing |
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| First to use expression "social contract." Believed in submitting to the king's absolute authority in exchange for his protection. |
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| Governance is based on the agreement of those governed to be governed. Believed in tacit consent. |
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| Invented General Will. The position of the majority was the general will. Those who agreed, agreed to conclude that they were wrong when they were outnumbered. |
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| Proclaims if a gov't. undermines basic human rights the people have the authority to alter or abolish it. |
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| Father of Capitalism. Wrote the wealth of nations. Economic theory was utilitarian philosophy. Basic Theory- as we each pursue our own econ. interests, we will often find that as if led by invisible hand society as a whole will benefit. |
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| Cannot always count on people doing what is in their best interest. Authorities of society would need to intervene when the interests of the buyer were jeopardized. |
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| Father of Communism. Wrote communist manifesto. |
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| Tried to implement communism in Russia. Believed that a strong group of revolutionaries would be needed to bring about transition. |
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| Most influential economist of the 20th century. Believes gov't. needs to intervene in economic crisis. |
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| Austrian School of Thought- Reflected a minority position among economists. Advocated intense involvement of gov't during times of economic crisis. |
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| Proponent of monetary approach. Thought gov't. compounded problems during economic crisis. |
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| "Until philosophers are kings... there will be no end of troubles for our cities." |
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| "A human is by nature a political animal." |
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| "Workers of the world unite." |
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| Rule by a few individuals, sometimes with a pejorative sense. |
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