Term
|
Definition
| (50 -54.5 C) Retains the cuticle and yellow pigmentation. Preferred for whole carcass market |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (55- 60 C) Removes the cuticle so white skin, this process is much better for further processing (much better for batter/breading adhesion). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(packed, weighed, labeled, priced) fresh poultry products to retailers
No need anymore for the in-store Butcher, just need someone to stock the shelves… |
|
|
Term
| how live holding of live broilers is done |
|
Definition
-A shed where the flatbeds can be parked and birds held until processing
-Sheds have fans and spray or misting nozzles to keep birds cool. |
|
|
Term
| some diseases of concern in the broiler industry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Broilers
-Peanuts
-Pecans
-Blueberries |
|
|
Term
| the two largest turkey companies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Clean and abundant feed
-Clean and good quality water
-Temperature
-Air quality
-Protection from disease |
|
|
Term
| What are the top primary breeder operations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some examples of further processing |
|
Definition
-Cut-up
-debone
-marinating |
|
|
Term
| What are some engineering advancement that are now common in the modern broiler house? |
|
Definition
-Drop ceiling
-Tunnel ventilated (Negative pressure)
-Evaporative cooling systems
-Solid side wall (More air tight)
-Heater and fans operated by controller |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Forklifts take dump coops from live holding
-Dump coops are tilted and birds slide onto a conveyer belt. |
|
|
Term
| the 10 steps of broiler processing |
|
Definition
-Harvesting
-Slaughter
-Scalding
-Picking
-Transfer
-Evisceration
-Inspection
-Giblet Harvesting
-Washing
-Chilling |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the top turkey producing states? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vacuum Tumbling marination |
|
Definition
| -Marinade placed into a large chamber with the meat and usually CO2 snow
-A vacuum is pulled |
|
|
Term
| What are the two different marination methods? |
|
Definition
-Needle Injection
-Vacuum Tumbling |
|
|
Term
| some details about when feed is withdrawn |
|
Definition
-Primary goal is intestinal emptying (ZERO tolerance for visible fecal material going into chiller…all carcasses would be condemned)
-Withdrawal is 8-12 hours (more than 12 hours they lose weight or live shrink, less and gut may not be empty…It is NOT done to prevent feed wasting). |
|
|
Term
| the top broiler companies |
|
Definition
-Tyson
-Pilgrim’s
-Sanderson Farms
-Koch
-Wayne Farms |
|
|
Term
| What is an advantage of having multiple silos at the same farm/house? |
|
Definition
-allows you to feed one diet completely before you start your next
-having enough feed storage
-able to feed house if you have to clean out the bin infected with fungus or mycotoxin |
|
|
Term
| some parts of the chicken that are considered "offal" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some different bedding sources? |
|
Definition
-cedar wood
-peanut hulls
-rice hulls |
|
|
Term
| the advantages of ice packing |
|
Definition
-cheap
-yields an attractive fresh product |
|
|
Term
| basic needs for broiler management |
|
Definition
-clean and abundant feed
-clean and good quality water
-air quality
-protection from disease |
|
|
Term
| some equipment in the broiler house we visited |
|
Definition
-controllers
-watering system
-feeding system
-brooding system
-cooling/ventilation system
-lighting system |
|
|
Term
| What two physiological mechanisms are used by the birds to dissipate body heat? |
|
Definition
-convection as radiant heat
-evaporation heat loss from respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-drier carcass
-less weight |
|
|
Term
| dead bird disposal at the broiler farm we visited |
|
Definition
-euthanize
-primarily pit
-composting |
|
|
Term
| feeding system in broiler houses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what most US poultry facilities recover in giblet harvesting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Difference between heavy mature chickens and light mature chickens? |
|
Definition
-heavy mature chickens are broiler breeders
-light mature chickens are egg layers |
|
|
Term
| What are some issues with dropped curtain housing? |
|
Definition
-leakage
-laborious
-poor bird environment
-higher energy usage (more so with propane than with electricity) |
|
|
Term
| What is the advantage of dry ice (or CO2 snow)? |
|
Definition
-less messy to handle
-has a longer shelf life
-lighter for shipping and handling |
|
|
Term
| 5 possible outcomes USDA-FSIS inspection |
|
Definition
-passed
-condemned
-viscera only condemned
-trim and reprocessing (affected parts)
-cleaning reprocessing (surface contamination) |
|
|
Term
| cooling/ventilation systems used in broiler houses |
|
Definition
-power ventilate
-cool cell circulating system; temp controlled; uses evaporative cooling |
|
|
Term
| What is the advantages of using bedding? |
|
Definition
-provides insulation and cushioning
-acts as a sponge |
|
|
Term
| Dark period allows broilers to... |
|
Definition
-rest
-not eat
-produce melatonin |
|
|
Term
| What is Tip Top poultry in Marietta role in poultry processing? |
|
Definition
-slaughters broiler breeders...typically used to make chicken soup.
-Chickens are boiled (cooked) and the water is then saved, evaporated to make concentrated chicken broth. (Fat is skimmed off to save as chicken fat). |
|
|
Term
| feeding program in the broiler house we visited |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the disadvantages of ice packing |
|
Definition
-the pack drips water and is messy
-requires dedicated transport and holding rooms
-the ice adds considerable extra bulk and weight during shipping |
|
|
Term
| Chickens can’t really control their own body temperature until this age |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ degree cooling increases humidity by 25% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| USDA allow a maximum of ______% water pickup in the chiller |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| [how many?] processing plants in US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the steps of slaughtering |
|
Definition
1: coop dumping
2: hanging
3: stunning
4: killing
5: scalding
6: picking
7: transfer
8: evisceration
9: giblet harvesting
10: washing
11: chilling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1: feed withdrawn
2: harvesting
3: hauling
4: live holding |
|
|
Term
| For every ______ cooling increases relative humidity by 2.5% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For every 1 F cooling increases relative humidity by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for every ______ degree increase in temperature, the moisture holding capacity (humidity) is cut in half |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 10 F degree cooling increases humidity by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of feed held in auger system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mortality in the broiler house we visited |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dimensions of the broiler house we visited |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a typical, modern broiler house dimensions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when feed withdrawal is done to broilers |
|
Definition
| 8-12 hours before slaughter; more than 12 hours they lose weight or live shrink, less and gut may not be empty…It is NOT done to prevent feed wasting |
|
|
Term
| [how many?] broilers processed each year |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a 8 piece cut and a 9 piece cut? |
|
Definition
| 9 piece cut includes the wishbone cut (cutting of the superior portion of the breast around the wishbone). |
|
|
Term
| Brooding temperature of floor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brooding temperature of air |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Today, what percent of chickens are sold as whole carcass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how killing live broilers is done |
|
Definition
| After stunning, the bird pass through an automatic killer that places the birds neck against a blade. |
|
|
Term
| popularity of air chilling in the US |
|
Definition
| Air chilling has become a popular niche market in the US |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An electrical stunning is used to render the bird unconscious in preparation for automated killing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anything beyond the WOG is further processing all the way to RTE (ready to eat). |
|
|
Term
| how transfer is done in poultry processing |
|
Definition
| At transfer, the bird is removed from the shackle line and passed thru a wall and rehung for evisceration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Athens-Canadian Random Bred |
|
|
Term
| disadvantage of Vacuum Tumbling marination |
|
Definition
| Batch process that takes time. |
|
|
Term
| one function of bedding other than providing insulation and cushioning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are wider houses desireable in broiler production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how the broiler dies when being killed in processing |
|
Definition
| Bird dies from cutting of the jugular and carotid…exsangunation or bleeding to death). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Birds are transferred from conveyor belt to shackles in preparation for stunning (lot of manual work in the hangers, considered the toughest job in the plant). |
|
|
Term
| how hauling of live broilers is done |
|
Definition
| Birds placed into “dump coops” and loaded onto large flatbed trucks in the open air. (helps circulate air for fresh oxygen and cool the birds). |
|
|
Term
| details about the bleeding that occurs when a broiler is killed |
|
Definition
| Bleeding duration is about 60-120 seconds, which ensures death and that at least 40% of the blood is drained from the bird. |
|
|
Term
| what is the goal of minimum ventilation in broiler houses? |
|
Definition
| Bring air across the ceiling to increase its temperature and drop it to the floor on the birds. |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the Spent Fowl Market? |
|
Definition
| Broiler Breeders (heavy mature chickens) and Egg Layers (light mature chickens) |
|
|
Term
| Why is it difficult to design a machine that can debone? |
|
Definition
Building a machine to cut in multiple planes with multiple inputs is very difficult
also, each carcass is from a once living organism, thus each one is slightly different |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carcass must be free of any contamination prior to entering the chilling system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chickens that have been killed, bled and had the feathers removed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chopped, Ground, Diced Meat, such as...
-Soups
-Chicken for Salads
-Lean Cuisine Meals |
|
|
Term
| what circulation fans do in broiler houses |
|
Definition
Circulation fans on the house moves hot air off the ceiling and into cooler parts of the house.
This keeps the house temperature more consistent and decreases energy bill. |
|
|
Term
| relationship between temperature and moisture holding capacity |
|
Definition
| For every 20 degree increase in temp, you 2bl your moisture holding capacity |
|
|
Term
| this thing about temperature allows you to cut down on moisture in the house |
|
Definition
| For every 20 degree increase in temp, you 2bl your moisture holding capacity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens if a live bird goes into the scalder? |
|
Definition
| If bird is still alive in the scalder, the skin will be bright red and called a cadaver (condemned…a no no) |
|
|
Term
| how electricity is used in poultry processing in Europe |
|
Definition
| In Europe, high voltage is used to electrocute the bird (kill it). |
|
|
Term
| the electricity used for stunning in the U.S. |
|
Definition
In the US we use low voltage (12-40V) and high frequency (500 Hz) for a short duration (3-5 seconds)
The US stunning method is recoverable |
|
|
Term
| these can be used to mitigate the problem with hot air being concentrated towards the roof |
|
Definition
| It seems attic inlets can be used to mitigate the problem with hot air being concentrated towards the roof |
|
|
Term
| an alternative to electrocution to kill birds |
|
Definition
| LAPS (low atmospheric pressure system) |
|
|
Term
| advantage of needle injection marination |
|
Definition
| Large quantities of product injected in short amount of time in a continuous process |
|
|
Term
| Needle injection marination |
|
Definition
| Marinade is injected into the meat or whole carcass using injector needles |
|
|
Term
| Avian influenza damaged the turkey industry in ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something about the ventilation in modern broiler houses |
|
Definition
| Modern houses have ventilation blowing air outward such that it wants to rush in thru inlets; we control where it rushes in |
|
|
Term
| some poultry related companies that don't have operations in Georgia |
|
Definition
| Mountaire Farms and Peco Foods don’t have operations in GA |
|
|
Term
| disadvantage of needle injection marination |
|
Definition
| Needle could break off and cause a physical hazard |
|
|
Term
| some problems with older broiler houses |
|
Definition
| Older houses are leaky; greatly affected by environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Par-fried (partial frying), start the cooking process to set the batter and then frozen...frowned upon now for food safety. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Portions of the carcass not normally consumed by humans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Preparation of a WOG into other products, such as Cut-up, debone, marinating |
|
|
Term
| how broiler harvesting is done |
|
Definition
| Primarily still done by hand which is very difficult, so one of the highest paid hourly jobs in processing. (bad hourse, dark and dirty work) |
|
|
Term
| what is done to antibiotics in chicken feed prior to processing? |
|
Definition
| Prior to processing, antibiotics and such are removed from the feed |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP)? |
|
Definition
| Removes oxygen and decreases aerobic pathogen growth and prevents oxidative damage (fatty acid oxidation). |
|
|
Term
| Why isn’t dry ice (or CO2 snow) regularly used in poultry? |
|
Definition
| The added expense of packaging material and carbon dioxide snow prevents this system from being more widely used |
|
|
Term
| advantage of Vacuum Tumbling marination |
|
Definition
| The marinade penetrates deep into the meat. Better distribution of flavor |
|
|
Term
| amount of muscle in a chicken vs. rate of growth in the chicken |
|
Definition
| The more muscle you get in a chicken, the slower the growth occurs |
|
|
Term
| What is modified atmosphere packaging (MAP)? |
|
Definition
| The systems where the air is replaced with CO2 or other gasses such as nitrogen |
|
|
Term
| controllers used in broiler houses |
|
Definition
Tortronics 3000 or Evolution 3000
controls most everything |
|
|
Term
| the effect of tunnel ventilation on the chickens |
|
Definition
| Tunnel ventilation increases heat removal from the body and lowers body temperature. |
|
|
Term
| which works better? tunnel ventilation systems or individual fans? |
|
Definition
| Tunnel ventilation systems work better than individual fans |
|
|
Term
| where are the ACRB broilers housed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cutting terminologies regulated by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What technology does Pilgrim’s Pride use in Athens to make the chicken sandwich and whole breast nuggets for Chick-fil-A? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why you want the intestines to be empty when processing |
|
Definition
| ZERO tolerance for visible fecal material going into chiller…all carcasses would be condemned |
|
|
Term
| Average plant does [how many?] birds a day to keep up with demand. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| number of chickens in the broiler house we visited |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| age of birds in the broiler house we visited |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| broiler house dimensions with maximum cash return per foot |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| market body weight for broilers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when harvesting is best done |
|
Definition
| at night when it’s cool and dark |
|
|
Term
| why is the pan at the end of the feeder line where the motor is important? |
|
Definition
| because the motor at the end of the feeder line activates when the feed level in the pan at the end gets low enough |
|
|
Term
| why you want to see water consumption increase daily |
|
Definition
| because water is important for monitoring bird uniformity |
|
|
Term
| When is homeothermic obtained in broilers? |
|
Definition
| between 10-14 days, depending on breed |
|
|
Term
| in broiler production, water is important for monitoring... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| body temp varies with outside temp; basically cold blooded |
|
|
Term
| Processing plants want uniform ______ among broilers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how the catching of broilers is done |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how most plants wash carcasses |
|
Definition
| by using a number of manual or automated carcass washing cabinets |
|
|
Term
| The building of wider houses is driven by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the temp the highest in the broiler house? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what the floors are under the shavings in broiler houses overseas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The change in how broilers are marketed is ______ driven |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the LED lights in the broiler house are at half a foot candle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the LED lights in the broiler house are full bright |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the number 1 employment area in the processing plant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| trend in broiler percent mortality over the past 40 years |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Built up litter can help birds... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| watering system used in broiler houses |
|
Definition
| drinker tip system; big ace drinker |
|
|
Term
| When can migration fences be used to increase the efficiency of production in the house? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of broiler house we visited |
|
Definition
| environmentally controlled; dark houses; solid sidewall tunnel vent |
|
|
Term
| type of cooling used in cool cell circulating system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is done before harvesting the broilers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are migration fences? |
|
Definition
| fences in the broiler house used to make the bird density in the house more uniform |
|
|
Term
| relationship between temperature and moisture holding capacity (humidity) |
|
Definition
| for every 20 degree increase in temperature, the moisture holding capacity (humidity) is cut in half |
|
|
Term
| Standard depth for bedding in a broiler house |
|
Definition
| for shavings, it's about 3 inches; gotta go deeper with hulls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gains 50g or less per day |
|
|
Term
| for every 20 degree increase in temperature, the moisture holding capacity (humidity) decreases by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| brooding systems used in broiler houses |
|
Definition
half house brooding
full house brooding |
|
|
Term
| GA is number 1 in ______ eggs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is there a difference in the supply tissues (heart, lung, liver) as a percent of body weight when comparing ARCB to the modern broiler? |
|
Definition
| higher percent in the 1957 broilers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| identifying DOA (dead on arrival) and it is illegal to process a bird if it isn’t alive going into the plant. |
|
|
Term
| trend in broiler feed efficiency over the past 40 years |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vaccination program at the broiler farm we visited |
|
Definition
| in hatchery and on farm at ~day 18 thru eyes and nostrils |
|
|
Term
| one difference between giblet harvesting in the US and other parts of the world |
|
Definition
| in other parts of the word, several other organs (offal) are recovered |
|
|
Term
| trend in broiler live weight over the past 40 years |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inside-outside-bird-washer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inspects each carcass and the digestive tract must be kept intact and with the associated bird |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insulation and cushioning |
|
|
Term
| primary goal of feed withdrawal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the disadvantage of using an automatic cutter? |
|
Definition
| it can only be cut on a single plane |
|
|
Term
| what supporters say about water immersion of carcasses |
|
Definition
| it increases product moistness |
|
|
Term
| what detractors say about water immersion of carcasses |
|
Definition
| it increases the water in the carcass thus poultry companies selling expensive water |
|
|
Term
| You gotta manage the bird to get this potential |
|
Definition
| its full genetic potential |
|
|
Term
| Bird activity is positively correlated with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What might be added to the pan at the end of the feeder line, right where the motor is, to ensure that birds visit it? |
|
Definition
| light, often an LED light or spot light so that birds will come to it more |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
low atmospheric pressure system
birds die from asphyxiation. The post mortem birds are hung from shackels for processing |
|
|
Term
| Most of the heat birds produce is from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Too much moisture provides perfect environment for ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Housing broilers is about... |
|
Definition
| minimizing stress and providing the optimum environment |
|
|
Term
| Broiler management is about... |
|
Definition
| minimizing stress; you want the energy to go to growth and development |
|
|
Term
| lighting system used in the broiler house we visited |
|
Definition
| mostly LED at half a foot candle |
|
|
Term
| what circulation fans are often used for |
|
Definition
| moving warm air to cooler areas; this makes the operation more efficient and better for the birds |
|
|
Term
| Uniform temperature in a broiler house could be a bad thing because... |
|
Definition
| not all chicks prefer the same temp |
|
|
Term
| what the floors are under the shavings in broiler houses in the US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the floor in a broiler house |
|
Definition
| packed dirt covered with bedding |
|
|
Term
| some things other than wood that can be used as shavings in a broiler house |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The company gains a ______ by going “antibiotic free” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduce cross contamination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removes all bones and associated connective tissue (e.g., ligaments, from meat and skin) |
|
|
Term
| use of back-up generator on the broiler farm we visited |
|
Definition
| runs fans to keep birds alive; most run off of diesel fuel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| same body temperature regardless of outside temperature; basically warm blooded |
|
|
Term
| this is used to predict amount of feed in auger system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the advantage of using an automatic cutter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the broiler producers job is to minimize... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when feather removal became automated |
|
Definition
| the 60s when it became automated with the rubber picking finger. |
|
|
Term
| Where does the majority of heat in the house come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is temperature stratification in the broiler house? |
|
Definition
| the increase in temperature as you go from floor to ceiling |
|
|
Term
| What pan is the most important in the feeder line to monitor? |
|
Definition
| the one at the end of the feeder line, right where the motor is |
|
|
Term
| The first cut in the deboning process is often... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a problem with pancake brooders that were used for brooding way back when |
|
Definition
| they are very ineffecient |
|
|
Term
| Occasionally, some birds that should have been culled get left there because... |
|
Definition
| they’re so close to processing |
|
|
Term
| the goal of chilling broilers |
|
Definition
| to chill the carcass to 4C in less than four hours |
|
|
Term
| the goal of killing birds like they do in poultry processing |
|
Definition
| to insure that only dead birds enter the scalder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to loosen feather for easier feather removal! |
|
|
Term
| Overall goal of First or Primary Processing |
|
Definition
| to produce a whole poultry carcass known in the industry as a WOG (without giblets) |
|
|
Term
| goal of evisceration in poultry processing |
|
Definition
| to remove the visceral pack and associated organs from the carcass |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of attic inlets? |
|
Definition
| ventilation; seems to mitigate the problem with hot air being concentrated towards the roof; also seems to lead to drier litter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The way broilers are fed today minimizes ______ waste |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most used method of chilling broiler carcasses in the US |
|
Definition
| water immersion (works faster, less than an hour) |
|
|
Term
| What is the problem using a machine to catch birds? |
|
Definition
| you always need a spare in case one breaks down |
|
|
Term
| where you want the energy in broilers to go |
|
Definition
| you want the energy to go to growth and development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Today, what percent of chickens are sold as advanced further processing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Today, what percent of chickens are sold as cut-up parts? |
|
Definition
|
|
