Term
1.
What vitamins are essential for synthesis of red blood cell DNA? |
|
Definition
VItamin A
Vitamin B6 pyridoxine
Vitamin B9 Folate
Vitamin B12 cobalimin
Iron
Copper |
|
|
Term
1.
What is another name for B9?
What does it do?
Can humans synthesize it? |
|
Definition
Essential for RNA and DNA synthesis
-required for RBC production: homocysteine and methionine, thymine, adenine, and guanine
humans are dependent on dietary intake
deficiency-risk for neural tube defects of fetus |
|
|
Term
1.
What is another name for B12?
In what food is it found? |
|
Definition
cobalamin
found in meats, eggs |
|
|
Term
2.
What disease or condition usually precedes DIC? |
|
Definition
Sepsis is most common,
also can happen with liver disorders, cancer, arterial hypotension, hypoxemia, acidemia, stasis of capillary flow |
|
|
Term
3.
What is the main problem with polycythemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
3/16.
What is relative polycythemia? |
|
Definition
increased concentration of RBCs
-happens with dehydration and diuresis |
|
|
Term
3/16.
what are the two types of absolute polycythemia? |
|
Definition
| primary and secondary polycythemia |
|
|
Term
3/16
what is another term for secondary polycythemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
3/16.
what is another term for primary polycythemia?
what happens and what is this classified as? |
|
Definition
polycythemia vera
classified as a Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorder (CMPD)
overproduction of RBCs |
|
|
Term
3/16.
what happens with secondary polycythemia?
what causes it? |
|
Definition
physiologic response from increased erythropoietin
cause: chronic hypoxia
i.e.: high altitude, high CO, COPD, CHF, smoking, arterial hypoxemia, tumors |
|
|
Term
3/16.
which is more common, primary or secondary polycythemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
4.
what is the most common type of anemia worldwide, affecting 1/5 of the world population? |
|
Definition
| iron deficiency anemia (IDA) |
|
|
Term
4.
what are the causes of iron deficiency anemia? |
|
Definition
pregnancy and chronic blood loss***
-most common
also, infection by parasites, lead poisoning, inadequate dietary intake, excessive blood loss from esophagitis, cancer, ulcers, meds (asa,NSAIDs), pica |
|
|
Term
4.
is decreased erythrocyte production a major cause of anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
4.
what are common signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia? |
|
Definition
SOB
pale earlobes
pale palms
pale conjunctivae |
|
|
Term
5.
what is the coombs test used for? |
|
Definition
| test for Rh factor for pregnancy |
|
|
Term
5.
what is the indirect coombs test? |
|
Definition
measure of antibody in the mother's circulation
-indicative of fetal risk for HDN (Hemolytic disease of the newborn) |
|
|
Term
5.
what is the direct coombs test? |
|
Definition
measures the antibody already bound to the surfaces of fetal erythrocytes
-used primarily to confirm the diagnosis of antibody-mediated HDN |
|
|
Term
5.
what is the treatment for HDN? |
|
Definition
Rh immune globulin
Rhogam is given at 28 weeks |
|
|
Term
6.
what is the enzyme that normally enables erythrocytes to maintain metabolic processed despite injury? |
|
Definition
G6PD
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
**Deficiency is the most common enzyme deficiency |
|
|
Term
6.
what happens when there is a deficiency in G6PD?
what are common causes? |
|
Definition
acute hemolytic anemia
**usually after an infection**
also from certain antibiotics, fava beans, hypoxemia, fever, and acidosis |
|
|
Term
6.
what is G6PD deficiency linked to? |
|
Definition
inherited X-linked recessive
-most fully expressed in homozygous males |
|
|
Term
6.
what test can detect G6PD deficiency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
7.
What anemias can electrophoresis be a diagnostic test for? |
|
Definition
G6PD deficiency
hemolytic anemia
thalassemia
sickle cell anemia |
|
|
Term
8.
What is a mild to moderate anemia resulting from decreased erythropoiesis in individuals with conditions of chronic systemic disease or inflammation? |
|
Definition
| Anemia of chronic disease |
|
|
Term
8.
What are four causes of anemia of chronic disease? |
|
Definition
1. Decreased erythrocyte life span
2. Suppressed production of erythropoietin
3. Ineffective bone marrow erythroid progenitor response to erythropoietin
4. Altered iron metabolism/ altered sequestration in macrophages |
|
|
Term
8.
What is the main defect in ACD? |
|
Definition
Failure to increase erythropoiesis in response to low numbers of erythrocytes
-diminished production of erythropoietin by the kidneys |
|
|
Term
8.
How is the kidney affected by chronic inflammation? |
|
Definition
| Immune complexes get deposited in the kidneys causing damage. |
|
|
Term
8.
In ACD what happens with iron metabolism, levels of circulating iron, and levels of transferrin? |
|
Definition
| Iron is metabolized abnormally, causing low levels of circulating iron and reduced levels of transferring |
|
|
Term
8.
In ACD what is the effect of iron storage? |
|
Definition
| Iron is stored in high levels, although inadequate iron is released from bone marrow for erythropoiesis. |
|
|
Term
8.
How is severe anemia treated secondary to CKD? |
|
Definition
| Give erythropoietin to increase iron stores. |
|
|
Term
8.
What can happen with anemia of chronic disease over a length of time? |
|
Definition
| It can become microcytic hypochromic anemia *** |
|
|
Term
9.
What is the most common type of anemia worldwide, affecting 1/5 of the world population? |
|
Definition
| Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) |
|
|
Term
9.
What impairment is associated with IDA in children? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
9.
What can IDA develop into with time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
9.
What is koilonychia?
What disorder is it associated with? |
|
Definition
Spooning of the nails
Associated with IDA |
|
|
Term
9.
What is cheilitis?
What is the major cause of cheilitis? |
|
Definition
Cracking of the corners of the mouth.
Caused by folic acid deficiency |
|
|
Term
10.
What is the most numerous of the granulocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
10.
According to Dr. Grossman, what is another term for granulocyte? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
10.
According to Dr. Grossman, what cells are classified as granulocytes? |
|
Definition
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils |
|
|
Term
10.
What does a right shift mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
10.
What is a leukmoid reaction? |
|
Definition
| Left shift, young neutrophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
11.
What disease is diagnosed with needle aspiration of hemarthrosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
12.
What is the fundamental physiologic manifestation of anemia? |
|
Definition
| Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood resulting in tissue hypoxia. |
|
|
Term
12.
What are common signs of tissue hypoxia? |
|
Definition
Claudication (muscle)
Weakness, fatigue
Pallor (skin)
Increased RR and depth, dyspnea
Dizziness, fainting, lethargy |
|
|
Term
13.
What is the count for thrombocytopenia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
13.
What are three causes of thrombocytopenia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
13.
What is the most common thrombocytopenia in children? |
|
Definition
| ITP (idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura) |
|
|
Term
14.
What is the term, regarding anemia, for abnormally small erythrocytes that contain abnormally reduced amounts of hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
| Microcytic-hypochromic anemia |
|
|
Term
14.
What are the causes of microcytic hypochromic anemia? |
|
Definition
1. Disorders of iron metabolism
2. Disorders of globin synthesis
3. Disorders of porphyrin and heme synthesis
a. Porphyrin-necessary for RBC synthesis
b. Heme-required for bonding of O2 |
|
|
Term
14.
What are 2 types of microcytic hypochromic anemia? |
|
Definition
Iron deficiency anemia
Sideroblastic anemia
Reversible sideroblastic anemia |
|
|
Term
14.
What is the main defect causing sideroblastic anemia? |
|
Definition
| Mitochondrial heme synthesis is altered, leading to accumulation of iron in mitochondria |
|
|
Term
14.
What organ is most often affected in the long-term with sideroblastic anemia? |
|
Definition
14.
Liver-
Increased chance of liver failure |
|
|
Term
14.
Are acquired or hereditary sideroblastic anemias more common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
14.
What is the relationship between ETOH and reversible sideroblastic anemia? |
|
Definition
| ETOH results in folate deficiency. |
|
|
Term
14.
What is the most common cause of primary acquired sideroblastic anemia? |
|
Definition
| Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of disorder affecting all three lines of stem cells, featuring dysplastic characteristics |
|
|
Term
14.
What is/are S/S of SA? |
|
Definition
| Hemochromatosis: signs of iron overload |
|
|
Term
15.
What is the pentad of thrombotic thrombocytopenia?
(pathognomic pentad) |
|
Definition
Intravascular hemolytic anemia
Ischemia S/S to CNS
Extreme thrombocytopenia <20k/mcL
Fever
Kidney failure |
|
|
Term
17.
What is the fastest growing human tumor? |
|
Definition
Burkitt lymphoma
-a B-cell tumor |
|
|
Term
17.
What is the associated cause of Burkitt lymphoma? |
|
Definition
Epstein-Barr Virus
-mononucleosis |
|
|
Term
17.
What are common S/S for Burkitt lymphoma? |
|
Definition
Abdominal swelling
Swelling may later involve eye, ovary, kidney, and glands
Also causes night sweats, fever, weight low |
|
|
Term
18.
What leukemia is associated with an altered Philadelphia chromosome? |
|
Definition
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
(CML) |
|
|
Term
18.
What is the goal of treatment?
What is the potential for survival in relation to treatment? |
|
Definition
Goal of treatment to decrease symptoms
Treatment does not increase survival |
|
|
Term
18.
In CML are cells differentiated?
What cells does it arise from? |
|
Definition
Cells are well-differentiated
Arises from hematopoietic stem cell |
|
|
Term
18.
What are some other illnesses that fall under the term myeloproliferative disorders? |
|
Definition
Polycythemia vera
Essential thrombocythemia
Chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis
Chronic neutrophilic leukemia
And chronic eosinophilic leukemia |
|
|
Term
18.
What are common S/S for CML?
How sudden is the onset? |
|
Definition
Onset is slow and insidious
S/S: splenomegaly is most common
-spleen is prominent and painful
Enlarged liver
Hyperuricemia leading to gout
Frequent infections, fever, and weight loss |
|
|
Term
19.
T-cell, NK-cell, and B-cell neoplasms are all included in what disease category? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
19.
What is the most common type of neoplasm regarding NHL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
19.
What is the most common cause of NHL? |
|
Definition
| Translocation mutation of a chromosome |
|
|
Term
19
What are some genetic risk factors for NHL? |
|
Definition
Family history
mutagenic chemicals
irradiation
immune suppression |
|
|
Term
19.
What are some infectious risk factors for NHL? |
|
Definition
EBV
Herpes
HIV
HTLV-1
Hepatitis
H-Pylori (gastric) |
|
|
Term
19.
What are some common S/S of NHL? |
|
Definition
Painless swelling over months/years, involves: GI tract, bone, thyroid, testes, soft tissue
Splenomegaly
Fatigue/weakness
Leg swelling |
|
|
Term
20.
What is the defect in macrocytic anemias?
how is it manifested? |
|
Definition
Defective DNA synthesis due to deficiency in vitamins/minerals
There is more than sufficient heme for the RBC, but not enough RBCs.
Hgb is normal (normochromic)
The RBCs die quickly |
|
|
Term
20.
What is the term for premature death of damaged erythrocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
20.
What is the most common type of megaloblastic anemia?
What is the term and cause? |
|
Definition
Pernicious anemia
-caused by B12 deficiency (cobalamin) |
|
|
Term
20.
What causes a B12 deficiency?
What disease(s) is this related to? |
|
Definition
Absence of IF (intrinsic factor) from parietal cells
Related to other autoimmune disorders
-Graves, Addison, hypoparathyroidism, T1DM
May also be secondary toH-pylori |
|
|
Term
20.
What are risk factors for B12 deficiency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
20.
What are S/S of B12 deficiency? |
|
Definition
Smooth, beefy red tongue secondary to atrophic glossitis
Sore tongue
Weakness, fatigue, paresthesia, unsteady gait
Anorexia, weight loss
Abdominal pain |
|
|
Term
20.
How are the neurologic S/S reversed in B12 deficiency? |
|
Definition
| Nerve demyelination caused by B12 deficiency is PERMANENT |
|
|
Term
20.
What is the most common cause of folate deficiency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
20.
What development may occur as a result of folate deficiency during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
