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Quiz 6
Chapters 11 & 12
83
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
11/25/2013
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Term
Generalization
 Definition
The tendency for the effects of a learning experience to spread.
Term
Response Generalization
 Definition
The tendency for changes in one behavior to spread to other behaviors.
Term
Stimulus Generalization
 Definition
The tendency for changes in behavior in one situation to spread to other situations. It is also defined as the tendency for the behavior that occurs in the presence of one stimulus to occur in the presence of another stimulus.
Term
Generalization Gradient
 Definition
Any graphic representation of generalization data.
Term
Vicarious Generalization
 Definition
generalization across people
Term
Response Maintenance
 Definition
generalization across time
Term
Four kinds of Generalization
 Definition
Vicarious Generalization
Response Maintenance
Response Generalization
Stimulus Generalization
Term
context
 Definition
Stimuli never really occur alone, they are always part of a _______, a situation.
Term
stimulus
 Definition
When the effects of learning spread across situation, it is called ______ generalization.
Term
transfer
 Definition
Generalization is sometimes referred to as _______.
Term
training situation/ training stimulus
 Definition
A generalization gradient shows the tendency for a behavior to occur in situations that differ systematically from the ________.
Term
Thorndike
 Definition
Perhaps the first report of generalization following reinforcement came from _______.
Term
stim. generalization
 Definition
Sigmund Freud talked about displaced agression. Displaced aggression is an example of _______.
Term
Stimulus discrimination
 Definition
The tendency for a behavior to occur in one situation, but not another. It is also defined as the tendency for a behavior to occur in the presence of certain stimuli, but not in their absence.
Term
generalization
 Definition
Discrimination is the opposite of ______.
Term
more
 Definition
The _____ discrimination, the less generalization and vice versa.
Term
little/no
 Definition
A relatively flat generalization gradient indicates ______ discrimination.
Term
considerable
 Definition
A steep gradient indicates _____ discrimination.
Term
Discrimination training
 Definition
Any procedure for establishing a discrimination.
Term
both Pavlovian and Operant
 Definition
Discrimination can be established through _______ procedures.
Term
Discriminative Stimuli
 Definition
In operant discrimination training, any stimulus that signals either that a behavior will be reinforced (an SD/S+) or will not be reinforced (an Sdelta/S-).
Term
S+ (SD)
 Definition
A stimulus in the presence of which a behavior WILL be reinforced.
Term
S- (Sdelta)
 Definition
A stimulus in the presence of which a behavior WILL NOT be reinforced.
Term
simultaneous discrimination training
 Definition
An operant discrimination training procedure in which the SD(S+) and the Sdelta (S-) are presented at the same time.
Term
successive discrimination training
 Definition
AN operant discrimination training procedure in which the SD (S+) and the Sdelta (S-) are presented one after the other in random sequence.
Term
matching to sample (MTS)
 Definition
A discrimination training procedure in which the task is to select from two or more comparison stimuli the one that matches a sample.
Term
Sdelta (ess-delta)
 Definition
An S- is the same as an ______.
Term
oddity matching/mismatching
 Definition
A variation of matching to sample in which reinforcement is available for selecting the comparison stimulus that is different from the sample.
Term
errorless discrimination training
 Definition
A form of operant discrimination training in which the Sdelta/S- is introduced in very weak form and gradually strengthen. The usual result is that discrimination is achieved with few or no errors.
Term
weak; faded in
 Definition
In errorless discrimination training the S-/Sdelta is presented in very ____ form and then gradually _____.
Term
Terrace Procedure
 Definition
Errorless discrimination is also called the ______.
Term
Differential outcomes effect (DOE)
 Definition
The finding that discrimination training proceeds more rapidly when different behaviors produce different reinforcers.
Term
outcomes; behaviors
 Definition
The DOE implies that discrimination training can be improved by providing different _____ for different ______.
Term
Stimulus Control
 Definition
Term
complex array of stimuli
 Definition
Sometimes stimulus control is exerted not by a single stimulus but by a ______.
Term
"mental rotation"
 Definition
Roger Shepard is a psychologist who has studied what he calls _____.
Term
Concept
 Definition
The word ____ refers to any class the members of which share one or more defining features.
Term
generalization & discrimination
 Definition
Concepts require both ____.
Term
within; between
 Definition
Generalization within classes and discrimination between classes - this is the essence of concepts.
Term
3 Theories of Generalization and Discrimination
 Definition
1. Pavlov's Theory
2. Spence's Theory
3. The Lashley-Wade Theory
Term
Pavlov's Theory
 Definition
The idea that discrimination training produces physiological changes in the brain that irradiate to other regions.
Term
Excitatory Gradient
 Definition
In Spence's theory of generalization and discrimination, a generalization gradient showing an increased tendency to respond to the SD or CS+ and stimuli resembling them.
Term
Inhibitory Gradient
 Definition
In Spence's theory of generalization and discrimination, a gradient showing a decreased tendency to respond to the Sdelta or CS- and stimuli resembling them.
Term
Kenneth Spence
 Definition
proposed that the tendency to respond to any given stimulus was the result of the interaction of the increased and decreased tendencies to respond, as reflected in gradients of excitation and inhibition.
Term
Peak Shift
 Definition
The tendency following discrimination training for the peak of responding in a generalization gradient to shift away from the CS- or Sdelta
Term
Karl Lashley and M. Wade
 Definition
Argued that generalization gradients depend on prior experience with stimuli similar to those used in testing.
Term
Lashley-Wade theory
 Definition
Maintains that generalization occurs because the animal has had too little experience with the stimuli involved to be able to discriminate among them.
Term
Spence's Theory
 Definition
Believes that the net difference between gradients of excitation and inhibition predicts the response to novel stimuli.
Term
Forgetting
 Definition
Deterioration in learned behavior following a retention interval.
Term
Retention interval
 Definition
A period during which learning or practice of a behavior does not occur. The time between the end of training and testing for forgetting.
Term
a retention interval
 Definition
Forgetting is the deterioration in performance following ______.
Term
Declarative Memories
 Definition
involve things that can be expressed usually in words but sometimes in pictures and gestures
Term
semantic and episodic Memories
 Definition
Declarative memories can be subdivided into ______.
Term
Semantic Memory
 Definition
"Knowledge of the world"
Term
Episodic Memory
 Definition
memory for personally experienced events
Term
Autobiographical/Event memories
 Definition
Episodic memories are sometimes called _____.
Term
Nondeclarative memories
 Definition
records of learning that cannot be expressed
Term
procedural memory
 Definition
Memory for procedures; "knowing how"
Term
free recall
 Definition
A method of measuring forgetting that consists of providing the opportunity to perform the learned behavior.
Term
prompted/cued recall
 Definition
A method of measuring forgetting in which hints about the behavior to be performed are provided.
Term
relearning method
 Definition
A method of measuring forgetting in which a behavior is learned to criterion before and after a retention interval. The less training required compared to the initial training, the less forgetting has occurred.
Term
savings method
 Definition
The relearning method is also called the ______.
Term
less
 Definition
The greater the savings, the ____ the forgetting
Term
Recognition
 Definition
A method of measuring forgetting in which the subject is required to identify stimuli (e.g., images, word) experienced earlier.
Term
Delayed Matching to Sample (DMTS)
 Definition
A method of measuring forgetting in which the opportunity to match a sample follows a retention interval.
Term
Extinction method
 Definition
A method of measuring forgetting by comparing the rate of extinction after a retention interval with the rate of extinction immediately after training.
Term
Gradient Degradation
 Definition
A method of measuring forgetting in which a behavior is tested for generalization before and after a retention interval.
Term
decline/ flattening
 Definition
Any ____ in the steepness of the generalization gradient indicates forgetting.
Term
overlearning
 Definition
The continuation of training beyond the point required to produce one errorless performance.
Term
slowly
 Definition
The better something is learned, the more ____ it is forgotten.
Term
Fluency
 Definition
the number of correct responses per minute
Term
lower
 Definition
There is evidence that higher rates of fluency provide ____ rates of forgetting.
Term
reduce
 Definition
In some cases previous learning can ____ forgetting.
Term
Proactive interference
 Definition
Forgetting caused by learning that occurred prior to the behavior in question
Term
Paired Associate Learning
 Definition
A learning task involving pairs of words or other stimuli in which the subject is presented with the first item of a pair and is expected to produce the second item.
Term
retroactive interference
 Definition
Forgetting caused by learning that occurred subsequent to the behavior in question.
Term
Context
 Definition
stimuli present during learning that are not directly relevant to what is learned.
Term
Cue-dependent forgetting
 Definition
Forgetting that results front he absence of cues that were present during learning.
Term
state dependent learning
 Definition
performance of learned behavior varies with the physiological state in which it is learned and during retention.
Term
Methods of Improving Memory
 Definition
-Overlearn
-Practice with Feedback
-Distribute Practice
-Test Yourself
-Use Mnemonics
-Use Context Cues
-Take a Problem Solving Approach
Term
Massed Practice
 Definition
Learning or practice sessions separated by little or no time
Term
Distributed/Spaced Practice
 Definition
Learning or practice sessions spread out over time.
Term
Mnemonic
 Definition
Any device for aiding recall. Typically they involve learning cues that will later prompt recall.
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