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| The science of disease; it traces the movement of the disease through a population |
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Disease that occurs at irregular intervals
Example : Rabies |
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| Disease found at low but steady level of frequency |
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Disease found at low but steady level of frequency
Example: Colds, STDS |
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Disease occurrence that is above expected levels
Example : BAD flu season |
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Sudden- usually localized increase in disease
Ex: Food Poisoning |
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Disease occurrence over a large population - whole continents, entire world
Example: AIDS |
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| Noticeably large increase in the cases of disease |
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Slow to rise- low peak- slow decline in disease
Examples: Influenza, ChickenPox |
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Large number of cases over a short period of time
Fast Rise- High Peak- Fast Decline
Example:
Food poisoning, Hep A&E, Legionnaire's Disease
( ACUTE) |
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The first in any disease occurrence that is widespread
(John Snow) |
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| An Invasion of colonization of the body by pathogenic organisms that lead to an abnormal state in the body |
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Caused by a microorganism
All communicable are infectious- but not all infectious are communicable |
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Passed from person to person
All are infectious
Not all are contagious
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Easily passed from person to person
All are infectious
All are communicable |
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| Infectious agents must be able to.... |
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| Reproduce and spread among hosts |
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| What is it called when infectious agents reproduce and spread among hosts? |
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| Order of Infectious Disease Chain |
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| Organism, Source or Reservoir, Transmission, Host Susceptibility |
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| Must have potential to produce disease. Organisms are called PATHOGENS |
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Also called RESERVOIR
may be: Human, Animal (zoonosis), non living |
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May be: Airborne ( greater than 1 meter / Sneeze), Contact ( less than 1 meter/ handshake/sex)
Vehicle( non living method of transmission) also called FORMITE
Vector( living method) may be harborage - vector pathogen carried OUTside of organism *also called EXternal vector ex: housfly
Biologic- vector pathogen carried INside of organism(may be where it develops)* also called INternal vector
ex: mosquitos, mammals
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Takes into account two factors
Immune System of host- Strong/ Weak
Pathogenicity of the invading organism- Strong/Weak
Create 4 possiblities of disease or no disease |
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Flies
Fingers
Food
Feces
Fomite (vehicles) |
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| respiratory system, digestive, genitourinary, and skin (wounds) |
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| control of disease at weakest link |
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destroying (nonhuman) reservoirs
treat wastes |
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human reservoirs of disease
two major: isolation(MRSA)
individual therapy(ATB) |
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| break the connection between the source of infection and the susceptible hosts |
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| host susceptibility stage |
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| Wearing gloves, gown, and mask when interacting with some patients |
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| Using mosquito repellent on a hike |
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| your yearly influenza vaccine |
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| chlorinating a swimming pool |
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| using disposable syringes to give injections |
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| staying home from work if you have the flu |
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| using disposable syringes to give injections |
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| Staying home from work if you have the flu |
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| a condom if used properly |
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| taking AMC ( an ATB) for strep throat |
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| Pediatrician cleaning stethoscope between patients |
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| an infected person who may be a potential source of infection for others |
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| Overt Clinical symptoms of diseases are usually apparent |
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| no symptoms of disease ( asymptomatic or subclinical) but can still infect others |
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no symptoms of disease ( asymptomatic or subclinical) but can still infect others
Ex: Typhoid Mary |
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| Not yet ill, but will be soon - can transmit disease even though they don't yet show symptoms ( but ultimately will) Not yet ill, will be soon |
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| recovering from disease- but still harbors organisms that can potentially infect others |
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| Does not get disease, but passes disease from infected to uninfected EX: Poor sterile contact technique |
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the number of organisms that must enter the host for a disease to become established ( most diseases require more than one organism in a dose)
1) ex 10 virions for rabies,1000 cells for gonorrhea, 10,000 cells for salmonellosis, 1,000,000 cells for cholera
2) A smaller amount of blood from a person in the later stages of HIV infection is needed for an appropriate infective dose than blood from a person in early stages of HIV infection ( though neither are safe to handle) |
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a)Proteins produced by mainly Gram + bacteria
b)Microbial poison produced bacteria as a byproduct of its metabolism. Uses circulatory system to travel to sites around the body to exert its effects
(waste product of metabolism) |
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a)Proteins produced by mainly Gram + bacteria
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b)Microbial poison produced bacteria as a byproduct of its metabolism. Uses circulatory system to travel to sites around the body to exert its effects
(waste product of metabolism) |
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| Released while bacteria cell wall is still living |
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| Can be prevented by toxoid- An inactivated verson of the exotoxin injected into the body to stimulate the immune system to produce antitoxins (specialized toxin antibodies) |
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| Among the most deadly substances known - the amount of pure botulism toxin that would be contained on the head of a pin is lethal to a human |
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| Among the most deadly substances known - the amount of pure botulism toxin that would be contained on the head of a pin is lethal to a human |
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| Thought to produce effects by the AB Model of Toxicity |
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| Examples of exotoxin-caused diseases |
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diphtheria
pertussis
tetanus
botulism
gangrene |
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