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| "The great end of life is not knowledge, but action". |
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| If one's behavior has little or no effect on the environment, there can be little _____, and _____ is absolutely essential to normal development. |
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| How ___ children learn depends on the amount of instruction and practice they receive. |
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| Punishment is usually unnecessary, but when it is, ____, if properly used, works well with elementary school-aged children. |
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| Time Out ______ is the full term. |
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| Wesley Becker (1971) observed long ago, parents are ____, and operant procedures, especially reinforcement, are the optimal way of teaching. |
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| Chalres Madsen, Wesley Becker, and Don Thomas |
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| - 1968 study where researchers asked two second-grade teachers (Mrs. A) to alter the way they responded to appropriate and inappropriate student behavior. |
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| Madsen and colleagues asked teachers to shift their attention from _____ to _____ behavior. |
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| Morningside Academy in Seattle |
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Definition
| a private school that caters to students who have fallen behind in other schools, and helps students advance two school years in one year. |
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| Built the first teaching machines. |
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| the opportunity to move to the next item. |
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Definition
| In Skinner's teaching machines, the reinforcer for correct answers was ______. |
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| The head sprout reading program was designed so that most students will be correct most of the time. |
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Definition
| Perhaps the greatest impact of operant procedures so far has been in _____ |
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- self-injurious behavior
- delusions
- paralysis |
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Definition
| Three kinds of problems often associated with health disorders that operant learning can help |
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| Once self-injurious behavior was thought to be due to an unconscious need to suffer, but if that were the case, the shocks given by Lovaas and Simmons should have ____ self-injurious behavior. |
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| Edward Carr and Jack McDowell |
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Definition
| - (1980) A study involving a boy named Jim who would scratch his skin to the point of scarring. The results showed that scratching depended on attention. |
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Definition
| ___ can and do often have an organic basis: Schizophrenia, syphilis, Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain injury and other disorders can induce them. |
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| - 1986 study involving a young schizophrenic patient in a psychiatric hospital who believed a witch was following him. |
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| Alford's research demonstrates that _____ behavior can be modified by reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| the apparent absence of maintaining consequences or the presence of aversive consequences on some occasions, may be requirements that must be met for reinforcement to be available on other occasions. |
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| apparently paralyzed limbs |
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Definition
| One amazing application of pedant learning procedures is the restoration of function in ________. |
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Definition
- 1977 & 1980 studies on the restoration of function in paralyzed limbs using monkeys and stroke victims.
- Led to the development of CIMT. |
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Term
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Definition
| CIMT reinforces movement of a defective limb. |
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| Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) |
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Definition
| A reinforcement-based treatment of loss of limb function that involves restricting a normally functioning limb. |
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Definition
| Studied the effects of reinforcement on blindfolded participants asked to draw straight lines of certain lengths. |
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Term
- Improving productivity
- Reducing Accidents |
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Definition
| ___ are two important ways of improving the quality of life for workers and the profitability of companies. |
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Definition
| The procedure used to modify the elephant's behavior was ____. |
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Definition
| Repeating what others say, seen in autistic children |
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Definition
| conducted the first studies in observational learning, stemming from an interest in animal intelligence. |
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Definition
| Much of the impetus for the surge in interest in observational learning in the 1960s was due to _________. |
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- Social Observational Learning
- Asocial Observational Learning |
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Definition
| Types of Observational learning |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning by observing events and their consequences. |
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Term
Social Observational Learning
AKA Vicarious Learning
AKA Active Model Type |
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Definition
| Learning from the observation of a model and the consequences of the model's behavior. |
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Term
| Asocial Observational Learning |
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Definition
| Learning from the observations of events and their consequences in the absence of a model. |
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Definition
| An increase in the strength of an observed behavior following reinforcement of that behavior in a model. |
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Definition
| A decrease in the strength of an observed behavior following punishment of that behavior in a model. |
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Definition
| If the consequences of the model's behavior strengthen the observer's tendency to behave in a similar way, we say that the behavior has been ______. |
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Definition
| If the consequences of the model's behavior weaken the observer's tendency to behave in a similar way, the behavior is said to ________. |
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Term
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Definition
| was among the first to demonstrate experimentally that some animals can learn to solve problems by watching others do it. |
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| Marvin Herbert and Charles Harsh |
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Definition
- 1994 study of observational learning in cats using models
- The results showed that the observer cats outperformed the models.
- The more observing a cat did, the better it performed. |
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Definition
- a 2008 study using an apparatus similar to the hypothetical money box.
- Chimps with a grapes in the box
- Children with stickers in the box |
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| Frederick Kanfer and Albert Marston |
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Definition
- !963 study involving college students communicating through a microphone and ear phones with the experimenter.
- Students were effected by the feedback heard in the earphones (prerecorded) |
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Term
| vicarious Pavlovian conditioning |
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Definition
| involves an observer looking on as a model undergoes pavlovian conditioning |
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Definition
| An experimental procedure in which an event normally performed by a model appears to occur without a model. |
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Definition
| To behave in a manner resembling the behavior of a model. |
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Definition
| The tendency of observers to imitate acts by a model that are irrelevant to obtaining reinforcement. |
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Definition
| argues that from infancy on people are rewarded for imitating others |
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Definition
| The tendency to imitate modeled behavior even though the imitative behavior is not reinforced. |
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Term
| Variables affecting Observational Learning |
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Definition
- Difficulty of the Task
- Skilled vs. Unskilled Model
- Characteristics of the Model
- Characteristics of the Observer
- Consequences of Observed Acts
- Consequences of Observed Behavior |
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Definition
| An unskilled model is also called a ____ model. |
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Definition
| Models are most likely to be helpful when the task is _____. |
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Definition
| Numerous studies have demonstrated that human observers tend to _____ from models who are attractive, likable and prestigious. |
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| Judith Fisher and Mary Harris |
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Definition
- a 1976 study in which experimenters approached people in a shopping center or college campus and asked them to guess prices of certain items
- findings suggest the eye patch and mood affected the observer's learning because they attracted attention. |
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Term
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Definition
| Perhaps the most powerful variable affecting observational learning is the ______ of the observer. |
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- social cognitive theory of Albert Bandura
- operant learning model |
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Definition
| Two main theories of observational learning |
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Term
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Definition
| the most prominent figure in social observational learning, developed a theory that focuses on cognitive processes. |
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- attentional
- retentional
- motor-reproductive
- motivational |
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Definition
| Four kinds of cognitive processes in Albert Bandura's theory |
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Term
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Definition
| have to do with the individual directing his attention to the relevant aspects of the mode's behavior and consequences. |
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Term
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Definition
| involve representing the model's behavior in some way, typically in words or images, to aid recall. |
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| Motor-reproductive Processes |
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Definition
| Consist of using the symbolic representations stored during retention processes to guide action. |
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Definition
| have to do with evaluating the consequences of imitating modeled behavior. |
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Definition
| According to Bandura's theory, we imitate successful models because we ____ rewarding consequences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Modeled behavior and consequences serve as cues that similar behavior will be reinforced or punished in the observer. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to the operant learning model, attention refers to the influence of _____ events on behavior. |
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Term
- Education
- Social Change |
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Definition
| Two practical applications of observational learning |
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Term
infancy,
- classroom learning
- acquiring language |
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Definition
| Obeservational learning plays a major role starting in ______ and is important in ______ and ______. |
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Term
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Definition
| Kazdin's research shows that attentiveness can be ______ reinforced. |
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Term
| Population Communication International (PCI) |
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Definition
| create television and radio programs that combine education and entertainment. |
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Definition
| uses fiction to model socially helpful behavior. |
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