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| war of the triple alliance |
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| paraguay vs brazil argentina and uruguay. lose 90 percent of males. |
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| paraguay vs bolivia paraguay wins but there is no oil |
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| founded in 1537 center of jesuit activity in sa. Paraguay |
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| argentina capital and president |
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| christina fernandez de kirscner, buenos aires |
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Vast Grasslands of N. Argentina/S. Brazil
great soil frequent fire |
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| Cowboys of Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, S. Brazil |
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| Falkland (Malvinas) Islands |
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| Territory claimed by both Great Britain and Argentina |
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April 1982 Argentine forces land in FI with 600 troops
74 days of fighting after which Argentina surrenders |
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| biggest sa producer of wine |
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| 2 major wine regions of argentina |
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| Highest human development rating in latin America |
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| largest exporter of copper |
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| 3rd largest source of wine |
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| country known for earthquakes |
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| uses Roman numerals to rank earthquakes by how much damage they cause |
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| is a rating of the size of seismic waves as measured by a particular type of mechanical seismograph developed in the 1930’s by Charles Richter logo scale very different magnitude. 10 point scale |
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| The Moment Magnitude Scale |
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Geologists use this scale today
It’s a rating system that estimates the total energy released by an earthquake
Can be used for any kind of earthquake, near or far
Some news reports may mention the Richter scale, but the magnitude number they quote is almost always the moment magnitude for that earthquake |
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| president, capital of brazil |
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| natural grassland/ savanah |
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| brazils worlds leading exporter of |
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Soybeans (39%)
Poultry (41%)
Beef
Orange juice concentrate(83%)
Coffee (28%)
Sugar |
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| dry inland interior. northeast brazil |
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| northeast brazil has a great population from where |
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| capital of brazil 1600-1763 |
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| salvador. northeast region |
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| Condomble/Macumba. mixing African and Catholic beliefs. spirits who possess practitioners (linked to Catholic saints) Similar to Voodoo and Santeria Macumba associated with witchcraft/dark arts. Brazil |
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Brazilian martial art/dance
Practiced by slaves in quilombos |
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| part of brazil with lots of sugar |
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| central west Brazil has what 3 ecological zones |
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| Amazonia Cerrado Pantanal |
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| centerwest brazil, Vast wetland covering ~75,000 square miles (largest in world) |
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| where is lots of soy made in brazil |
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Planned city, becomes Brazil’s capital 1960
Designed in shape of airplane
Noted for modernist architecture – Oscar Niemeyer |
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| richest region and greatest pop of brazil |
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| Industrial core of Brazil |
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| major japanese pop in brazil |
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| cultural capital of brazil |
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| one of the largest stadiums in the world. rio de jenero |
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| music popular during carnival lots of drums |
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| surround every major city. many have no electric of running water.often next to wealthy and neighborhood. |
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| millions of children living on the streets in brazil. they use drugs and prostitute themselves to survive. |
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| capital of parana highest quality of life and green |
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Located at the border between Paraná and Argentina
Name from Tupi language (big water)
275 different waterfalls up to 269’ height |
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States of Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina
Strong European influence-German and Italian immigrants of 19th century |
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| Historically least populated, least developed Largest population of indigenous tribes Population mix of Euro/Indian/African caboclos Largest city Manaus Limited roads, transport by river or air |
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Rivers to know:
Amazon
Solimoes
Negro
Madeira
Xingu
Tocantins |
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Whitewater
Blackwater
Clearwater |
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Carry heavy sediment loads from the Andes
Very sinuous
Many ‘oxbow’ lakes
Coffee with milk color
Examples
Madeira
Solimoes/Amazon |
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Water is discolored by tannins/decaying organic matter
Looks ‘black’ but is very clean/clear
Rivers of hunger
Example:
Rio Negro |
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Drain the crystalline rock formations of the Guiana and Brazilian Highlands
Look similar to our rivers here in MI
Example:
Tocantins, tapajos |
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| Causes of Amazonian Rainforest Destruction/Fragmentation |
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Primary:
Logging
Agriculture
Colonization
Ranching
Soy
Fire
Synergy amongst the three
Secondary:
Mining
Hydroelectric Development
Roads and Urbanization |
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| Myth of a pristine Amazon |
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Until recently scientists assumed that the region was sparsely settled by mobile populations of hunter/gatherer peoples
Anthropologist B. Meggers (1960s) argued that the soils were too poor to support large populations
Early accounts mentioning large expanses of occupied territory along river’s edge were written off
Recent evidence suggests large sedentary populations prior to contact
Terra preta (black soil)
1990 Ilha de Marajo
Raised field forests in Bolivian varzea
Discovery of wide (150’) road networks (2003)
Estimated 10-12% of the terra firme forests anthropogenic |
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Terra firme: upland forests
Varzea: seasonally inundated/flooded forest |
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| Brief History of Amazonian Settlement |
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Colonial period
Little to no settlement, Portuguese focus on the coast/sugar
Amazon as ‘green hell’
Exploitation of ‘brasilwood’
~ 1850 start of Rubber Boom |
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1850 start of Rubber Boom
Natural rubber/latex used by indigenous peoples for 1000’s of years
Rubber made from the sap of a variety of trees: Hevea Brasiliensis most common
Originally seen as a novelty by Europeans – erasers -> rubber
Sticky at room temperature, became brittle over time
1839 Charles Goodyear discovers process of vulcanization |
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Vulcanization involved heating the latex and adding sulfur
Made the rubber more durable and long-lasting
Gave rise to a whole new industry |
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Rubber became very profitable
Rich land owners claimed huge estates within the Amazon to exploit the rubber
Collection of rubber was labor intensive
Indigenous labor not sufficient
Enticed poor rural people from the NE to move to the Amazon to become rubber tappers
Provided transportation, supplies, etc. to get started
But these costs had to be repaid by the rubber tapper |
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Rubber tappers lived in remote parts of the forest and had to depend on the land for things not supplied by the land owner
Familiar farming practices from the NE were not appropriate
Forced to adapt/adopt indigenous methods: swidden or slash and burn ag.
Typically go out in middle of night along rubber trail
Make a cut in each tree to let sap flow into a small cup, return later to collect
Take latex back to shack to process with smoke |
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Vast amount of wealth created for the ‘rubber barons’
Manaus and Belem become world class cities
Opera House built 1896, materials imported from Lisbon
Tales of Manaus residents sending their laundry back to Europe |
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1876 Brit Henry Wickham smuggles rubber tree seeds out of Brazil
Brits go on to plant rubber plantations in their colonies in SE Asia - no leaf blight
To this day Malaysia remains leading supplier of natural rubber
Attempts to intensify rubber production met with disaster: South American Leaf Blight
Amazonian rubber economy collapses
1920s Fordlandia
Many rubber tappers remain in the Amazon and ‘intermingle’ with the indigenous populations giving rise to a new culture group: caboclos |
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Term originally applied to indigenous people who adapted to European ways, language, dress, housing, etc.
In time came to be applied to the general non-indigenous rural population of Amazonia, i.e. backwoods riverine peoples
Used to be somewhat derogatory, now a bit more chic |
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WWII U.S. lost access to rubber from SE Asia
Pressed Brazil to restart rubber production
‘Rubber Soldiers’ given choice to go to war or tap rubber
Move to Amazon and begin as had been done previously
After the war another bust
Many rubber soldiers and/or their descendents remain |
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| Contemporary Rubber Tappers |
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Concentrated in the Amazonian States of Amazonas, Acre and Rondônia
Until recently still lived under a system of debt peonage, aviamento that had existed since the rubber boom
Forced to buy all their necessities from the land owner at inflated prices
Forced to sell all their rubber to the land owner at deflated prices
Stuck in perpetual debt to the land owner
1980’s began to organize to better their lives |
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Tubers are peeled, ground and then soaked in water
Resulting paste is placed into a press to remove juices
Afterwards baked in a large pan to produce a coarse flour - farinha |
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| Swidden Agriculture (slash and burn) |
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Within rainforest areas majority of biomass stored within the forest itself
Soils relatively poor (terra preta is an exception) largely due to leeching of nutrients by excessive precipitation
Plants are adapted to quickly absorb nutrients as they become available
Swidden ag designed to take advantage of the nutrients available
After several years of use soils become depleted
Perennial crops such as bananas and fruit trees are left for continued harvest as cleared area is allowed regrow
After 5-8 years of recuperation the same area will be cleared for use once again
System is sustainable under low pop densities |
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| Social Organization of rubber tappers |
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| 1980’s in response to influx of colonists and deforestation, rubber tappers organize and push for the formation of extractive reserves A new type of protected area aimed at protecting the standing forest but also ending the exploitative system of debt peonage associated with rubber extraction Chico Mendes, leader of rubber tappers union murdered in 1988 1st Extractive Reserves established 1989 |
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| dry area known more for Pisco (cheap distilled liquor) and table grapes |
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most productive widely known region. includes maipo and rapel valleys known for cabernet sauvignon chardonnay, pais (regional variety/cheap wine
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| Chardonnay, Pinot, Noir, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot. chile |
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| cooler and wetter climate – known for mass production (boxes/jugs) of Pais |
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•1839-1851
•Conflict between ‘Blancos’ conservative cattle ranching element and the ‘Colorados’ liberal businessmen from Montevideo
•Involvement of Argentina, Brazil, Great Britain and France
•Colorados eventually win |
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| capital president uruguay |
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•Made from a species of Holly
•Traditional drink in Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina and S. Brazil
•Drunk from a gourd with a metal straw |
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| brazilian rubber tappers in bolivia gain independence |
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| Literally translating as “turn work” or a “turn” of labor, mita was integral to the system of ayllus, which in the absence of markets constituted the principal mechanism by which individuals, families, and communities exchanged goods and services. |
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| lava plateau, one of the world’s largest, southern Brazil. It lies mostly in Rio Grande do Sul and São Paulo estados (states), but it also spans parts of Santa Catarina and Paraná states. It is part of the Brazilian Highlands. Its formations of solidified sheets of lava rock (diabase) also appear in Uruguay, Argentina, and Paraguay. Where the diabase is exposed at the surface, it weathers into a well-drained, dark purple soil known as terra roxa, famous as a producer of coffee. |
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| the point on earth that is farthest from the center of the planet. That honor belongs to the volcano called |
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| South America, where the Andes are at their widest, is the most extensive area of high plateau on Earth outside of Tibet. |
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| highest uninterupted water fall |
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| wine producing city argentina |
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| orthern South America and part of southern Central America from 1819 to 1831. This short-lived republic included the territories of present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama, northern Peru, western Guyana and northwest Brazil. |
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| Cratons are pieces of continents that have been stable for a over a billion years. As earth’s plates drift along, mountains periodically rise and fall, plate boundaries appear and disappear. But cratons are like great-grandmothers at family gatherings, while younger crust moves excitedly around them, they sit quietly, occasionally remarking on how different things were when they were young. |
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| a dry area on the lee side of a mountainous area (away from the wind). The mountains block the passage of rain-producing weather systems and cast a "shadow" of dryness behind them. |
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| Terra preta owes its name to its very high charcoal content, and was made by adding a mixture of charcoal, bone, and manure to the otherwise relatively infertile Amazonian soil. It is very stable and remains in the soil for thousands of years.[1][2] It is also known as "Amazonian dark earth" or "Indian black earth" |
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| salt flat like salad de uyni in boliva |
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| ducts that grow plants around it |
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| re usually large artworks that have been etched into the landscape and are best viewed from above.. |
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| s seasonal floodplain forest inundated by white water rivers that occurs in the Amazon River Basin.[1] |
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| agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers.Nov 3, 2014 |
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| discovered weather classification with plants |
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| he Lord of Sipán is the name given to the first of several Moche mummies found at Huaca Rajada, Sipán, Peru by archaeologist Walter Alva. |
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