Term
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Definition
| heterotorophs and feed by absorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| fungi do not ingest their food like animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| break down and absorb nutrients from non living organic material- ex fallen logs, animal corpses |
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Term
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Definition
| absorb nutrients from the cells of living hosts some are pathogenic |
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Term
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Definition
| including species that can infect humans lungs and are responsible for 80% of plant diseases. |
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Term
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Definition
| network of tiny fillaments |
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Term
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Definition
| unlike plant cell walls that contain cellulose fungal cell walls are strenthened by? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| for trapping and killing prey-csn constrict around a nematode(roundworm) penetrates its prey with hyphae and degests the preys inner tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized hyphae can extract nutrients from living plant cells. grown by some mutualistic and parasitic fungi. |
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Term
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Definition
| nuclei of fungal hyphae and the spores of most fungal species are |
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Term
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Definition
| signiling molecules-in sexual reproduction begins when hyphae from two mycelia releases them. |
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Term
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Definition
| the fusion of the cytoplasm of cells, from two individuals |
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Term
| heterokaryon "diffrent nuclei" |
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Definition
| parts of the fused mycellium containing genetically diffrent nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| the haploid nuclei pair off two to a cell one from each parent such a mycellium is |
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Term
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Definition
| after plasmogamy- haploid nuclei contributed by the two parents fuse producing diploid cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ancestor of fungi was an aquatic, single-celled, flagellated protist. consists of amoeba that feed on algae |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| earliest diverging lineages of fungi that do have flagella |
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Term
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Definition
| a name that reffers to the posterior location of the flagellum in most protists. |
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Term
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Definition
| suggests that fungi are more closely related to several groups of single celled protists than they are to other opisthokops. suggesting tht the ancestor of fungi was unicellular. |
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Term
| mycorrhizal relationships |
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Definition
| between plants and fungi beneficial relationship from the earliest periods of colonization of land. |
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Term
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Definition
| nutrient cycling, ecological interactions, human welfare |
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Term
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Definition
| decomposers, mutualists, and pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| breaks down organic material, including cellulose and ligning of plants. also used for bioremediation. |
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Term
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Definition
| may form mutualistic relationshinps with plants,algae, cyanobacteria,and animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| all plants studied to date appear to harbor symbiotic |
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Term
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Definition
| fungi that live inside leaves or other plants parts without causinmg harm |
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Term
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Definition
other grasses by 1. making toxins that deter herbivores
2.increasing host plant tolerance of heat drought, or heavy metals. |
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Term
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Definition
| as fungi grow, their hyphae develop specialized swollen tips that are rich in protein and carbohydrates. (ants feed primarily.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| a sybiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganisim and a fungus in which millions of photosynthetic cells are held in a mass of fungal hyphae. |
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Term
Soredia
(asexual reproduction in lichens) |
|
Definition
| small clusters of hyphaes with embedded algae. |
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Term
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Definition
| after burned forests and cleared rock they break down the surface by physically penetrating and chemically attacking it and they trap winblown soil. |
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Term
| Cryphonecteria parasitica |
|
Definition
| ascomycete fungus that causes chestnut blight |
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Term
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Definition
| another oscomycete causes pine pinch canker. |
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Term
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Definition
| between 10% and 50% of the worlds fruit harvest is lost by fungal attack each year. |
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Term
puccinia graminis
(basidiomycete) |
|
Definition
| attacks grain crops causes black stem on wheat. |
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Term
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Definition
| toxic to humans (mold) contaminates inproperly stored grain and peanuts. |
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Term
Claviceps Purpurea
(ascomycete) |
|
Definition
| grows on rye plants forming purple structures called ergots. |
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Term
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Definition
| known to parasitize animals- a fungal infection |
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Term
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Definition
| skin mycoses, appears as circular red areas on the skin. |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by mycoses causing intense itching and blisters. |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by inhaled spores spread through the body and cause very serious illnesses. |
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Term
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Definition
| systemis mycosis produces tuberculosis like symptoms in lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| occuring only when a change in the bodys microorganisim, chemical environment, or immune system allows fungi to grow unchecked. |
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Term
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Definition
| opportunistic mycoses can grow too rapidly and become pathogenic, leading to so called "yeast infections" |
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Term
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Definition
| indoor mold (ascomycete) thrive in damp buildings. many "sick buildings have been abondaned" |
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Term
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Definition
1.helps our agriculture to be more productive 2.mushrooms-human consumption
3.distict flavor of some cheeses come from fungi used to ripen them 4.soft drink companies uses a species to produce citric acid for colas.5. antibiotics (pennicillin) 6. |
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Term
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Definition
| yeast used to study the molecular genetics of eukaryotes. |
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Term
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Definition
| an organisim that has DNA in its system |
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Term
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Definition
| layers of embryonic tissues that will develop into adult body parts are produced. resulting stage is called a gastrula. |
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Term
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Definition
a process that gives us the shape of the gastrula.
infolding of bastula to produce "germ layers. |
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Term
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Definition
| injest their food and then use enzymes to digest it within their bodies. |
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Term
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Definition
| are in non of the other kingdoms and not seen in other multicellular organisims. |
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Term
| 5 stages of reproduction and development |
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Definition
| zygote,8-cell stage, blastula, cross section of blastula, gastrulation, gastrula pg.655 |
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Term
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Definition
| a succession of mitotic cell divisions without cell growth between division cycles. |
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Term
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Definition
| a multicellular stage, whitch in many animals takes the form of a ball. |
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Term
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Definition
| a sexually immature form of an animal that is morphologically distict from the adult,usually eats diffrent food and may even have a diffrent habitat than the adult. ex. dragon fly. |
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Term
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Definition
| a developmental transformation that turns the animal into a juvinile which resembles an adult but is not yet sexually mature.animal larvae eventually undergo this. |
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Term
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Definition
| have genes that regulate the expression of other genes. many of these regulatory genes contain common sets of DNA sequences called hameoboxes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| play an important roles in the development of animal embryos controlling the expression of dozens or even hundreds of other genes that influence animal morphology. |
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Term
|
Definition
| patterning of the anterior-posterior axis as well as other aspects of development. |
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Term
|
Definition
| common ancestor of living animals may have lived |
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Term
|
Definition
| to under what this common ansentor may have looked like they have sought to identify protist groups that are closely related to animals. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1 billion -542 million years ago |
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Term
| macroscopic fossils NEO ERA |
|
Definition
| accepted fosills of 565 to 550 MYA |
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Term
|
Definition
| members of an early group of multicellular eukaryotes known as |
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| Paleozoic era (542-251 mya) |
|
Definition
| cambrian period, annimal diversification appears to have accelerated. |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| before cambrian explosion(palezoic era) |
|
Definition
| only a few animal phyla can be recognized. |
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Term
|
Definition
| oldest fossils of about half of all extant animal phyla have been found;arthrapods, chordates,echioderms |
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Term
| Caused cambrian explosion |
|
Definition
1.new predator prey relationships
2.a rise in atmospheric axygen
3.evolution of hox gene complex
4.multicellularity |
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Term
|
Definition
fishes emerged as the top predators of the marine food web.
Arthrapods began to adapt to terrrestrial habitats
enlarged cavities-@ least 302 million years ago suggesting that the insects and plants were influencing each others evolution by that time. |
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Term
| Mesonic Era (251-65.5 MYA)(3) |
|
Definition
| No fundamentally new animal groups; animal phyla spreads into new eological habitats;first coral reefs form;reptiles turned to the water;descent with modification led to the origin of wings,birds and pterosaurs. |
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Term
| Cenozoic era 4 (65.5 million years ago to present) |
|
Definition
| large,non flying dinosaurs,marine reptiles, large mammalian herbivores and predators as mammals began to exploit the vacated ecological niches. |
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Term
|
Definition
| animals characterized by body plans |
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Term
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Definition
| is a set of morphological and developmnental traits, intergrated into a functional whole. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| can be cut in many ways and achieve mirror images. |
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Term
|
Definition
| only one cut to achieve mirror image. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| have sensory equipment concentrated at their anterior end including a central nervous system (brain) in the head |
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Term
|
Definition
| living attached to a substate'radial animals |
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Term
|
Definition
| drifting or weakly swimming;jelly fish |
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Term
|
Definition
| equips them to meet the environment equally well from all sides |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| embryo becomes layered through the process of |
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Term
|
Definition
| form the various tissues and organs of the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| the germ layer covering the surface of the embryo...animal covering of animal and @ times CNS. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the inner most germ layer |
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Term
|
Definition
| developing digestive tract |
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Term
|
Definition
| only 2 germ layers-cnidarians; comb jellies, corals |
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Term
|
Definition
| 3rd germ layer between the ectoderm and the endoderm. |
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Term
|
Definition
| having 3 germ layers for bilaterally symmentrical animals true for mesoderm. |
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Term
|
Definition
| tissue derived from mesoderm |
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Term
|
Definition
| tissue derived from mesoderm |
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Term
|
Definition
| animals that posses a true coelom are known as |
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Term
|
Definition
| tripbloblastic animals have a body cavity that is formed from mesoderm and endoderm. |
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Term
|
Definition
| lack a body cavity all together |
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Term
|
Definition
1. help to prevent internal injury
2.acts like a skeleton in whitch muscles can work
3.enables internal organs to grow and move independently of the outer body wall. 4.storage |
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Term
|
Definition
| a pattern in many animals with protosome in whitch planes of cell division are diagonal to the ventrical axis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| determines the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early. |
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Term
|
Definition
| deuterosome development is predominatly characterised by |
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Term
|
Definition
| planes are either parallel or perpendicular |
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Term
|
Definition
| each cell retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo |
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Term
|
Definition
| coelom forms by splits occuring within mesoderm |
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Term
|
Definition
| can produce identical twins (inderterate) study pg 661 |
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Term
|
Definition
1.all animals share a common ancestor
-animal kingdom is monophyletic
-they would converge on a common ancestor.
2.sponges are basal animals (most primitive.
3. Eumetazoa is a clade of animals with true tissues
- all animals except for sponges and a few other groups belong to a clade of eumatazoans (true animals). true tissues. |
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|
Term
| points of agreements (4-5) |
|
Definition
most animal phyla belong to clade bilateria
-bilateral symmetry and the presence of three germ layers are shared derived characters that help define the clade bilaria. cambrian explosion
5. chordates and some other phyla belong to the clade deuterostomia. |
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Term
|
Definition
| ancestral colonial flagellate |
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Term
|
Definition
| periodic loss of entire outercovering all @ once. |
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Term
|
Definition
| animals with either lophophore or trochophore larva |
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Term
|
Definition
| proposed based mainly on molecular data. read pg. 663 |
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Term
|
Definition
| ecdysozoans and lophotrochozoans |
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Term
| lophotrochozoa reffers to 2 diff fetures observed in some animals |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| cilliated tentacles function in feeding |
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Term
|
Definition
| animals that lack a back bone |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| diploblastic;radially symmetrical body |
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Term
|
Definition
| few thousand cells arranged in a double layered plate;dividing into two individuals or by buddying off many multicellular individuals. |
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Term
|
Definition
diploblastic and radially symmentrical like cnadarians
traits including eight "combs" of cillia that propel the animals through the water. |
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Term
|
Definition
| plat,ectoprocta,rotifera,brachiopada,numertea,mollusca |
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Term
|
Definition
| specialized organ systems n digestive tract feed on microorganisims suspended in water. |
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Term
|
Definition
| bilateral symmetry-tapeworms process info frm sensory structures-no body cavity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| live as sessile colonies and are covered by a tough exoskeleton |
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Term
|
Definition
| lamp shells easily mistakened for other mollusks have a unique stalk that anchors them to their substarate. |
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Term
|
Definition
| unique proboscis to capture prey like flatworms they lack a true coelom. |
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Term
|
Definition
| have a soft body that in many species is protected by a hard shell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| loricifera,tardigrada,nematoda, arthropoda |
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Term
|
Definition
animals that inhibit the deep sea bottom.
-a pocket formed by six plates surrounding the abdomen |
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Term
|
Definition
| shape, stubby appendages,harsh conditions, survive temperaturees |
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Term
|
Definition
| roundworms parasitize plants and animals tough cuticle that coats the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| segmented exoskeleton and joined appendages |
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Term
|
Definition
| hemichordata,echinodermata,chordata |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| gill slits and a dorsal nerve cord. |
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Term
|
Definition
| sand dollars ect.move and feed by using a network of internal canals to pump water to diffrent parts of their body. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 4 unique character only in larvae stage.most have backbones include tunicates,lancelates hangfishes |
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Term
|
Definition
| capture food particles susapended in the water tht pass through thei body sponges |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collar cells- lining interior of the spongeocyle. |
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Term
|
Definition
| grasshoppers/ diff. body proportions and lack wings |
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Term
|
Definition
| larval stage looks completely difrent from adult stage;caterpillar maggot grub, butterfly |
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Term
|
Definition
| reorganizing body parts so larvae differ from adults |
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Term
|
Definition
| morpholoy;habitat;sexuality;food |
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