Term
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Definition
| Proton motive force - charge and ion gradient that pumps protons across membrane |
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Term
| ____ transport uses energy while ____ transport works off of concentration gradients. |
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Definition
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Term
| Primary vs. Secondary active transport |
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Definition
primary - uses ATP Secondary - uses PMF |
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Term
| Why can't passive transport concentrate a molecule against it's gradient? |
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Definition
| The energy used to power passive transport comes from the molecules concentration gradient - therefore, the molecule will only move with the gradient, not against it. |
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Term
| Passive transport uses the ____ mechanism to move molecules |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Active transport using PMF - uses electrical potential to pull positively charged ions into the cell or negatively charged ions out of the cell |
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Term
| How do uniports transport neutral molecules? |
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Definition
| PMF - only transport with a proton |
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Term
| How do uniports keep things in the cell (only transport out-in, not in-out)? |
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Definition
| Energy from PMF keeps rocker switch in outward facing position |
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Term
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Definition
| two molecules in (neutral + proton), no molecules out |
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Term
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Definition
| One molecule in and one out (ex: neutral molecule in, proton out, or vise versa) |
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Term
| Why do symports affect charge and concentration gradient? |
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Definition
| Because we use up proton gradient for energy and because we're pumping two + charges in |
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Term
| Why do antiports only affect concentration gradient and not charge? |
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Definition
| We use the concentration gradient for energy, but because there is one + molecule going in the cell, and one + molecule coming out, the charges cancel (doesn't affect charge). |
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Term
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Definition
| Major Facillitator Superfamily - uses energy gradient from one proton to move another ion or uncharged particle against its gradient (antiports and symports) |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the gates on the rocker-switch mechanisms? |
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Definition
| Avoid reversibility - keep contents of cytoplasm from leaking out |
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Term
| How do the gated rocker-switch mechanisms work? |
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Definition
| A proton binds to a binding site in the middle of it to keep it open long enough for a neutral molecule to also bind, once proton energy is used up, gate opens (alpha-helix moves slightly) the other way, allowing both into the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| ATP binding cassette: use ATP in addition to a signal from a periplasmic binding protein to open a transport channel and import a solute. Is irriversible. |
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Term
| Which can concentrate things more, ABC or PMF/MFS transporters? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do ABC transporters work? |
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Definition
1. Periplasmic binding protein binds to the molecule entering the periplasm, then binds to a membrane channel 2. small movement of an alpha helix opens the channel to let molecule in by changing the shape of the ATPase enough to open channel 3. PPBP forms cap to keep cytoplasmic contents in cell |
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Term
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Definition
Phosphotransferase system - uses a phosphate relay to transport glucose |
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Term
| What are two major evolutionary advantages to changing glucose into G-6-P in the PTS system? |
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Definition
1. G-6-P is already made for metabolism without the use of ATP 2. allows for extensive transport of glucose because the G-6-P doesn't build up a glucose gradient. |
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Term
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Definition
| if no glucose is taken into cell, intermediate ions will not be phosphorylated and cell will know to stop |
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Term
Type ___ and ___ exotransporters can cross both membranes in one step.
Type ___ exotransporters can have a periplasmic intermediate. |
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Definition
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Term
| Only ____ exotransporters can cross the inner membrane while fully folded. |
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Definition
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Term
| Drug efflux pumps are an example of Type __ transporters. |
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Definition
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Term
| Type ___ secretion is known as syringe secretion. Why? |
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Definition
III - pathogens secrete toxins directly into cell like hamster water bottle - a ball in tip of transporter, when something pushes it aside, the molecule can enter the cell |
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Term
| Capsules vs. Slime layers |
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Definition
| capsules are well organized and closely associated with the cell, slime layers are much lesss organized and are not closely attatched to the cell (stringy) |
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Term
| 2 functions of capsules and slime layers |
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Definition
1. attachment to surfaces (biofilms and biofouling) 2. Protection from phagocytosis |
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Term
| 2 examples of how glycocalyces affect human life and health |
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Definition
biofilm - produce slime layer on teach in response to sucrose (plaque) biofouling - make slime layer of alginate that gums up water filters |
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Term
| How are flagella similar and different from T3SS? |
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Definition
Similar: both have bushings, a hollow rod/needle complex, and ATPase Differences: Flagella have c-rings (switch that can turn flagella CW or CCW), and a hook (make flagella spin more efficiently) |
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Term
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Definition
how bacteria move toward an attractant (usually a nutrient) by running and tumbling direction of rotation of flagella is controlled by continued increase in concentration of chemoattractant, decrease or same concentration intiates tumble |
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Term
| Phosphorylation of protein ___ determines direction of c-ring and therefore direction of flagellar rotation |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 major functions of pili |
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Definition
1. attachment to surfaces - colonization, infection 2. attachment to other bacteria - horizontal gene transmission 3. motility - twitching, gliding 4. electron transfer between cells via nanowires |
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Term
| ___ are used by bacteria as reserve stores for metabolism. |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 types of storage granules |
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Definition
| carbon, phosphate, sulfur |
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Term
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Definition
1. normal growth 2. bacterial division 3. assymetric separation - formation of mother cell and spore 4. engulfment of spore by mother cell 5. cortex synthesis - from peptidoglycan from mother cell and spore cell walls 6. coat synthesis -proteins from mother cell 7. mother cell dies, spore released |
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Term
| ____ only form during starvation |
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Definition
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Term
| Purpose of each part of endospore: core, cortex, and coat |
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Definition
core: DNA wrapped around SASP makes DNA inactive, dipicolinic acid keeps core dry cortex: spongy, keeps core dry by sucking up water coat: very dense, protects agains UV and chemical damage and dehydration |
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Term
| Horizontal gene transmission |
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Definition
| bacteria use pili to attach to other bacteria and transfer genes |
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Term
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Definition
| when bacteria use their pili to transfer electrons between cells |
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Term
| ___ are intracellular inclusions that reduce CO2 |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 pigments for photosynthesis |
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Definition
| phycobilisomes, chlorosomes |
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Term
| ___ are cellular inclusions that store gas for buoyancy |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ are intracellular inclusions that store magnetite |
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Definition
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Term
| Why would bacteria need magnetite? |
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Definition
| to orient themselves in the earth's magnetic field |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 2 ways bacteria can divide by binary fission |
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Definition
| by creating cell walls (like plants) or by pinching off into 2 cells (like animals) |
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Term
| Constriction of a bacterial cell during binary fission is done by the protein ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| In nature, bacteria usually grow as ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Planktonic vs. cessile cells |
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Definition
Planktonic - have flagella, can move
Cessile - immobile |
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Term
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Definition
| cells "swarm" and build on each other into large masses; |
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Term
| Planktonic vs. cessile cells |
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Definition
Planktonic - have flagella, can move
Cessile - immobile |
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Term
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Definition
| cells "swarm" and build on each other into large masses |
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Term
| Bacterial colonies are clonal, meaning |
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Definition
| a single cell gives rise to a colony of identical cells |
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Term
| 3 ways to store bacteria long term |
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Definition
1. Agar slant (up to 1 year)
2. Freezer culture at -70C
3. As lyphilized (freeze dried) powder |
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Term
| 5 classifications of bacteria based on optimal temperature |
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Definition
Psychrophile: 10-15C
Psychrotroph: 15-30C
Mesophile: 30-40C
Thermophile: 50-85C
Hyperthermophile: 90-121C |
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Term
| All bacteria need liquid water to survive. How do those that live at very cold and very hot temps survive? |
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Definition
| they have antifreeze and antiboil mechanisms |
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Term
| Oxygen is inherently toxic because? |
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Definition
| it oxidizes cell materials, those cells that grow with oxygen must detoxify these reactive forms |
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Term
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Definition
| combat toxic effects of O2 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Respiration vs. fermentation |
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Definition
| respiration- needs O2, fermentation- don't need O2 |
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Term
| ___ must have O2. Enzymes? |
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Definition
| Obligate aerobes. catalase and superoxide dismutase to detoxify O2 |
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Term
| ___ can live with or without O2. Enzymes? |
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Definition
| Facultative anaerobes. Catalase, superoxide dismutase to detoxify O2 |
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Term
| ___ cannot use O2. Enzymes? |
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Definition
| Obligate anaerobes, no enzymes |
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Term
| ___ need very small amounts of O2 (grow at 2% O2). Enzymes? |
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Definition
| Microaerophiles, small amts of catalase and superoxide dismutase |
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Term
| ___ organisms can tolerate O2, but it doesn't help them grow. They are resperative/fermentative. Enzymes? |
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Definition
| Aerotolerant, fermentative, superoxide dismutase only |
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Term
| What too methods can be used to determine oxygen requirements of bacteria? |
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Definition
| Shake tubes and fluid thiglycolate |
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Term
| 3 categories of bacterial growth based on pH |
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Definition
| Acidophiles, neutrophiles, and alkalophiles |
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Term
| How do cells avoid plasmolysis? |
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Definition
| Synthesize osmoprotectants (proline and trehalose), and adsorb salt by binding to protein surface charges (lots more charged amino acids than normal proteins) |
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Term
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Definition
| like salt - have lots of charged amino acids |
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Term
| Plasmolysis can occur in a hyper/hypoosmotic environment |
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Definition
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Term
| 10 elements bacteria need and why |
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Definition
| C, H, O, N, P, S, K, Mg, Ca, Fe |
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Term
| 3 elements that aid in protein folding |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is the "business part" of redox proteins and is an electron donor |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| monomers for each of the macromolecules (nucleic acids, amino acids, fatty acids) and vitamins |
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Term
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Definition
| make their own growth factors |
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Term
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Definition
| Must have growth factors supplied to them |
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Term
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Definition
| Prevent growth of some organisms... salt agars, antibiotic agars |
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Term
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Definition
| Cause different organisms to produce different reactions... blood agar, MacConkey's agar (contains pH indicator) .. all bacteria grow, but they all look different |
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Term
| How would you grow anaerobes and microaerophiles in a lab? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Like increased CO2 - grow in sealed mason jar with candle in it |
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Term
| How would you grow obligate intracellular parasites in lab? |
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Definition
| In a tissue culture or in embryonated chicken eggs |
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Term
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Definition
| specially designed medium allows one organism to grow better than others... used to separate one particular species from a mixed sample |
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Term
| Metabolic lifestyles: where does energy come from? |
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Definition
Chemotroph: energy from redox reactions
Phototrophs: energy from sunlight |
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Term
| Metabolic lifestyles: where does carbon come from? |
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Definition
Heterotrophs: organic compounds
Autotrophs: CO2 |
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Term
| Metabolic lifestyles: where do electrons come from? |
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Definition
Organotroph: reduced organic compounds
Lithotroph: reduced inorganic compounds (litho=rock) |
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Term
| A ____ is a photosynthetic organism that fixes CO2 using electrons from inorganic sources. |
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Definition
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Term
| A ___ fixes CO2 using energy from redox reactions. |
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Definition
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Term
| A ___ uses photosynthesis for energy and does not fix CO2 |
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Definition
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Term
| A ___ gets carbon and energy from organic substrates (glucose) |
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Definition
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Term
| In ___ media, all ingredients can be listed by chemical formula and amount |
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Definition
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Term
| In ____ media, at least one ingredient is not defined, often contain extracts of various things (usually yeast), and are used to grow fastidious organisms |
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Definition
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