Term
| Which state was the first to centralize its state police force? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Grew out of national concerns with terrorism prevention. |
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Term
| Where is the nation's largest law enforcement agency located? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of policing was utilized in the Kansas City Experiment? |
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Definition
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Term
| FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) |
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Definition
| Responsible for managing the database of DNA profiles of offenders. |
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Term
| What characterized the political era of American policing? |
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Definition
| Police serving the interests of politicians. |
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Term
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Definition
| A strategy designed to increase the productivity of patrol officers through the application of scientific analysis and evaluation of patrol techniques. |
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Term
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Definition
| A local law enforcement official that is responsible for serving court papers, maintaining security within courtrooms, and running the county jail. |
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Term
| Where are the FBI headquarters located? |
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Definition
| Washington DC (Hoover building) |
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Term
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Definition
| When police departments focused most of their resources on solving "traditional" crimes such as murder and rape. |
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Term
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Definition
| A particular set of values characteristic of the police. |
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Term
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Definition
| A strategy that reorganizes conventional patrol strategies into integrated and versatile police teams assigned to a fixed district. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any action designed to reduce the actual level of crime and/or the perceived fear of crime. |
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Term
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Definition
| A minor violation of the law (sometimes called a petty crime) that demoralizes community residents. |
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Term
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Definition
| If one window is broken in a building, it shows that neglect is shown toward that place, reflecting disorder. This makes people more likely to commit crime. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Normal people" help police by telling them bad things happening in a certain place. |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of police personnel or the number of units supervised by a particular officer. |
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Definition
| A multiagency law enforcement facility designed to enhance cooperative efforts through a coordinated process for collecting, sharing, and analyzing information. |
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Term
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Definition
| A law enforcement officer who is trained and empowered to perform full police duties such as making arrests, conducting investigations, and carrying firearms. |
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Term
| Legalistic style of policing |
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Definition
| A style marked by a strict concern with enforcing the precise letter of the law. |
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Term
| Watchman style of policing |
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Definition
| A style marked by a concern for order maintenance. |
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Term
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Definition
| The administrative activities of controlling, directing, and coordinating police personnel, resources, and activities in service of crime prevention, the apprehension of criminals, the recovery of stolen property, and the performance of a variety of regulatory and helping services. |
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Term
| What are the 4 major historical eras of American policing (in order)? |
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Definition
1) Political era
2) Reform era
3) Community era
4) New era |
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Term
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Definition
| Police departments worked to identify and serve the needs of their communities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Policing to secure the homeland; emphasis on terrorism prevention and intelligence-led policing. |
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Term
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Definition
| To protect and defend the US against terrorists and foreign intelligence threats, to uphold and enforce the criminal laws, and to provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, and international agencies and partners. |
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Term
| Private protective services |
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Definition
| The independent or proprietary commercial organizations that provide protective services to employers on a contractual basis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Field activities directly related to the day-to-day police work. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Policing based on science;" the use of the best available research on the outcomes of police work to implement guidelines and evaluate agencies, units, and officers. |
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Term
| Interpol (International Criminal Police Organization) |
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Definition
| An international law enforcement support agency. |
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Term
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Definition
| A philosophy that promotes organizational strategies, which support the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime. |
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Term
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Definition
| Retains the goal of professional crime fighting, but also targets nontraditional criminals (serial offenders, gangs, white-collar, computer criminals). |
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Term
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Definition
| Order of rank and authority; information and command flow- only flows down. |
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Term
| Municipal police department |
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Definition
| A city or town-based enforcement agency. |
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Term
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Definition
| A style of policing marked by a concern with helping rather than strict enforcement. |
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Term
| What are the 3 major legislative/ judicial jurisdictions existing in the US? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Activities that provide support for line operations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Assumes many crimes are caused by social conditions within the community. |
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Term
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Definition
| The FBI's legal attache offices in major cities around the world. |
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Term
| What are the 5 elements of the police mission? |
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Definition
1) Enforce the law
2) Apprehend offenders
3) Prevent crime
4) Preserve peace
5) Provide services |
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Term
| _______________ agencies enforce laws at the national level. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 types of state level enforcement types? |
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Definition
1) Centralized
2) Decentralized |
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Term
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Definition
| Combines major criminal investigations and state highway patrol in the same agency. |
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Term
| Decentralized enforcement |
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Definition
| Draws a clear distinction between traffic enforcement and other state-level law enforcements by creating at least 2 separate agencies. |
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Term
| What are the 5 types of local level enforcement? |
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Definition
1) County sheriffs
2) Local police
3) Campus police
4) Transit police
5) Tribal police |
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Term
| T/F: Private security officers enforce public laws. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the police chain of command? |
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Definition
| Chief- Deputy chief- Captain (Commander)- Lieutenant- Sergeant- Corporal- Patrol officer |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to act or decide on a matter on one's own. (Making an independent decision). |
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Term
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Definition
| When there is no policy or procedure. |
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Term
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Definition
| "A police officer will use responsibly the discretion vested in his/her position and exercise within the law"-- Use reasonableness. |
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Term
| What are 3 reasons discretion is necessary? |
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Definition
1) The law overreaches
2) Human behavior is varied and complex
3) Gives a sense of control over police jobs |
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Term
| What are 4 issues with discretion? |
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Definition
1) Unpredictable between officers
2) Applied inconsistency
3) Profiling
4) Admin may try to place limits, confusing officers |
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Term
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Definition
| Unreasonable searches and seizures are prohibited. |
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Term
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Definition
| Allows appellate courts to review the record of a lower court case. |
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Term
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Definition
| The US Supreme Court that made the exclusionary rule applicable to criminal prosecutions at the state level. |
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Term
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Definition
| Requires that incriminating evidence be seized by police according to the Constitutional specifications of due process, otherwise it will not be allowed as evidence in court. |
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Term
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Definition
| Responsible for the creation of the exclusionary rule. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diminished the scope of the exclusionary rule. |
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Term
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Definition
| Held that electronic eavesdropping was a search and seizure under the 4th amendment. |
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Term
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Definition
| A belief, based on consideration of the facts at hand and on reasonable inferences drawn from those facts that would induce an ordinarily prudent and cautious person under the same circumstances to conclude that criminal activity took place. |
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Term
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Definition
| Provided for the advisement of rights to criminal suspects prior to questioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Recognized the need for emergency searches without a warrant. |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of facts that cause a reasonable person to believe that a person committed a certain crime. |
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Term
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Definition
| Established the minimization requirement for electronic surveillance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Established that police are not allowed to randomly stop citizens for questioning when they don't suspect them of breaking the law. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Court extended police authority to conduct warrantless searches of vehicles to include motor homes. |
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Term
| Minnesota v. Olson warrant |
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Definition
| Issued based on probable cause to believe that evidence of a crime, while not currently at the place described, will likely be there when the warrant is executed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Set the "free to leave" test. |
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Term
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Definition
| Established the good faith exception. |
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Term
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Definition
| The legitimacy of stopping and detaining a suspect for investigative purposes when there is probable cause lacking must be according to totality of circumstances criterion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Police departments cannot hire professionals skilled in the art of psychological manipulation in order to elicit a confession. |
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Term
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Definition
| Guarantees the applicability of constitutional rights to all citizens, regardless of state law or procedure. |
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Term
| Why was the Constitution designed? |
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Definition
| To protect against abuses of police power. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clarify the "rules of the game;" the procedural guidelines by which the police and the rest of the justice system must abide. |
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Term
| Fleeting-targets exception |
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Definition
| An exception to the exclusionary rule that permits law enforcement officers to search a motor vehicle based on probable cause without a warrant. |
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Term
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Definition
| States that objects falling in "plain view" of an officer (who has the right to be in the position to have that view) are subject to seizure and may be introduced as evidence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clarified the use of informants. |
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Term
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Definition
| Decided that inmates freely talking about their crimes to an undercover officer posing as an inmate are not protected by Miranda. |
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Term
| What was Warren Court best known for? |
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Definition
| The expansion of individual rights. |
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Term
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Definition
| Provides the basis of suspicionless searches when public safety is at issue. |
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Term
| What are the 2 "Miranda triggers?" |
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Definition
| Custody and interrogation |
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Term
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Definition
| Established that an officer must have an arrest warrant to enter a suspect's private residence unless the suspect gives consent or there are emergency circumstances. |
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Term
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Definition
| The suspect of a robbery could not be ordered to undergo surgery because such a magnitude of intrusion into his body was unacceptable under the right to privacy guaranteed by the 4th amendment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Supported the use of evidence obtained with a search warrant that was inaccurate in its specifics. |
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Term
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Definition
| Determined that "inadvertence" is no longer a necessary condition to ensure the legitimacy of seizure under the plain-view doctrine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Concerned with search incident to lawful arrest. |
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Term
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Definition
| Addressed physical abuse as a means of obtaining a confession. |
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Term
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Definition
| Information gathering activity of police officers that involves the direct questioning of suspects. |
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Term
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Definition
| The act of taking a person into custody by authority of law for the purpose of charging the person with a criminal offense, a delinquent act, or a status offense, terminating with the recording of a specific offense. |
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Term
| What is the basic minimum element for an arrest under any circumstance? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Stated that the use of a drug dog during a routine and lawful traffic stop is permissible and may not even be classified as a "search" under the 4th amendment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Arresting officers are allowed to search the arrested person and the physical area within easy reach of the arrested person. |
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Term
| What are the 3 threats that provide justification for emergency warrantless searches? |
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Definition
1) Clear danger to life
2) Clear danger of escape
3) Clear danger of removal/ destruction of evidence |
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Term
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Definition
| Stated that a defendant is entitled to council at police interrogations, and council should be provided when the defendant so requests. Questioning stops when suspect wants an attorney. |
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Term
| Terry v. Ohio ("Terry stops") |
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Definition
| Reasonable suspicion is needed to "stop and frisk" |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of abuse of police power? |
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Definition
1) Physical
2) Psychological
3) Legal |
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Term
| What was done to Rodney King? |
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Definition
| He was severely beaten by cops. |
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Term
| What was the Rampart Scandal? |
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Definition
| It was discovered that some LAPD officers had gang ties. A couple shootings of rappers took place as well. |
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Term
| What were the 2 scandals within the New Orleans police department? |
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Definition
1) A NOPD officer robbed a restaurant, killing 2 civilians and a fellow officer.
2) Another officer hired a hit man |
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Term
| What was done to Abner Louima? |
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Definition
| NYPD officers assaulted and sodomized him in the bathroom. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first 10 amendments to the Constitution designed to protect citizens against abuses of police power. |
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Term
| What are the 3 areas of the due process requirements? |
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Definition
1) Evidence and investigation
2) Arrest
3) Interrogation |
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Term
| What was Freemont Weeks' alleged crime? |
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Definition
| The use of US mail to sell lottery tickets. |
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Term
| What was Dolree Mapp convicted of? |
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Definition
| Harboring a fugitive; when police forcibly entered her house without a warrant, they found pornographic photos. |
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Term
| Fruit of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine |
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Definition
| Illegally seized evidence cannot be used in trial, neither can evidence be used that derives from the illegal search/ seizure. |
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Term
| What happened in the Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. US case? |
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Definition
| Ultimately, the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine was created; Silverthorne was accused of avoiding payment of federal taxes, and his business was searched without a warrant, and his incriminating books were seized. Officials took pictures of the books and returned them, believing they could be used because they didn't have the books themselves any longer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Recognition of the "good faith exception" |
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Term
| Why were officers allowed to use illegally obtained evidence in the US v. Leon case? |
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Definition
| The good faith exception-- officers believed their judge-signed warrant was sufficient for a probable cause arrest and search. |
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Term
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Definition
| Created the plain view doctrine after a cop was inventorying a vehicle and discovered evidence of a robbery. |
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Term
| What notable change took place during the Burger and Rehnquist Courts? |
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Definition
| The Supreme Court no longer embraced the "individual rights" era, but supported a "greater good" philosophy. |
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