• the US would stay out of European affairs unless it directly affected the US
• this delt with newly independent nations in central america

• "Speak softly and carry a big stick."
• The US has the right to step in and take care of any problems using their military

• The US wouldn't use any military when dealing with international affairs
• Instead, the US supported politicians that did the will of the US so that we didn't have to anymore
• The purpose was to promote peace among the nations

• The US was successful in helping Cuba become independent from Spain
• The US gained Guantanomo Bay, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines

• The US was concerned over plans to build an alternative canal, so they sent 2 warships
• The US was in Nicaragua for 21 years, but pulled out becuase of the Good Neighbor Policy
• After the US left, the Somoza Family (dictators) took over
• Daniel Ortega became president due to FSLN
• Programs for land reform came about

• Civil war occuring in DR 
• US invaded because of a military coup
• US imposed a military government run by Admiral Henry Knapp
• After the US withdrew, Trujillo (dictator) took over
• US marines returned to protect and provide stability

• Papa Doc (Dr. Francois Duvalier [dictator]) - would throw bags over peoples heads and are never heard from again
• Tonton Macoutes - death squads

US intervention in Guatemala

• Arbenz won presidency
• There were campaigns for Land Reform for peasants, but US didn't like this
• it threatened the elites/those in power
• With the help of the CIA, Arbenz was removed as president

• Create schools
• Create roads
• Train police forces
• Reorganize tax system

• The object is to train military personal from Latin America how to fight (against their government)

• Noriega was a politician/military director in Panama and was ousted with the US invaded Panama
• He was tried on drug trafficing and money laundering

• Created by Sir Thomas Malthus, an English population researcher
• This stated that population was drastically increasing and food supply was very slowly increasing
• This caused a lot of hungry people because there wasn't enough food to feed the growing population

• Created by Ester Boserup, a Danish Economist
• This stated that jumps in the population created jumps in innovation because it was necessary to feed a big/dense population

• CBR- number of live births per 1000 people in a year
• CDR- Number of deaths per 1000 people in a year
• Not absolute numbers
• Makes it easy to make comparisons among different nations

Middle America Demographics

Highs and Lows

• Lowest CDR: Guatemala with 7
• Highest CDR: Haiti with 14
   
• Lowest CBR: Cuba with 11
• Highest CBR: Guatemala with 14

• Straight up and down: No growth/stable
• Like a dimond: Birth rates dropping
• Triangle (straight sides): Stablizing
• Triangle (curved sides): Rapid growth
• Inverted Triangle: unsustainable/negative population growth, people are having few children than to replace them

The Demographic Transition Model:

Warren Thompson 1929

• Stage 1: Both birth and death rates were high (no contraception, no medicine, starvation)
• Stage 2: High birth rates (healthier people from more food, children are an asset for working on farms), low death rates (steady agriculture)
• Stage 3: Fast degrease in birth rates (child labor laws), low death rates (good agriculture/sanitation/ medicine)
• Stage 4: Drop in birth rate becomes steady, low death rate

• Push factors: push people away from current/previous locations (Safety, disease, crime, lack of jobs, natural hazards/disasters)
• Pull factors: Pull people to new locations (jobs, safe)

• Push factors because of Instability/disasters/wars/famines: creation of refugees, cities as safe havens (different opportunites/better wages)
• Push factors because of deterioration of rural life: demorgraphicable growth. Land tenure, mechanization
• Pull factors because of expectations of jobs: higher wages but higher living expenses, large labor markets
• Pull factors because of better services: better schools, healthcare, access to water and electricity

1. Most migrants move short distances

2. Each wave of migration produces a counter wave of lesser strength

3. Migrants moving long distances normally go to big cities

4. Females tend to migrate short distances, men go farther

5. Most migrants are young adults

6. Large towns grow more through migration that through natural increase

7. The majority of migration involves movement from rurle to urban areas

• Used to predict the degree of interation between two places
• "Any two locations attract one another with a force that is proportional to the product of their importance and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them."
• Used to estimate: Traffic flow, migration between two areas, the number of people likely to use one central place

Out of the top 10 sources of legal US immigrants,

which four are from Central America?

• Mexico (close proximity, large population, size)
• El Salvador
• Cuba
• Dominican Republic

• Semi-trucks
• through deserts
• Boats
• Flying
• Driving

Most immigrants entered the country legally

• Climate change, oceans, biodiversity, global health issues.
• Everything in todays world is global. Ex: diseases no long stay in one place, they travel through humans
• Everything we do in the US effects people in China, and vica versa.

• Common market
• Custom union
• Free Trade Area

Free trade areas is when two or more countries agree to remove tariffs and other barriest to trade.

Examples:

• NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)
• DR-CAFTA

Removing restrictions on trade between members, establishing common tarrifs.

Example: When more than one country get together and act as one to be a block for external trade. Banning together because there is strength in numbers.

Free movement of goods, labor, and capital between members.

This type of economic integration inclues

Free Trade Areas and Custom Unions.

Caribbean Free Trade Association:

This consists of the English speaking countries of the Caribbean (partly because they have a common history)

North American Free Trade Agreement (in effect Jan 1, 1994): 

• US-Canada=Steel
• US-Mexico=Corn
• Tariffs were phased out, and offically gone as of January 1, 2008

• Benefited more of the northern states than southern
• Benefits to Mexico: Lower poverty rates, increased wages
• US trade with Mexico/Canada was up 129%
  - Trade with others was up 123%
• Decrease in price of corn has hurt peasant producers
• US subsidized so much agriculture that it is produced cheaper 

• Inclues US, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic
• DOES NOT INCLUDE BELIZE OR PANAMA
• Will reduce tariffs on 80% of products, others to be phased out over time

• Created to promote social, political, and economic cooperation.
•  Started in 2004 by Venuzuela and Cuba, and involved Nicuragua

• It's a factory where other countries perform labor for cheap.
• Creates tax benefits for exports to US
• Manufactured goods to be sold in US

Originally along the US/Mexico boarder

and had has rapid growth

• A city in mexico with over 700 maquiladoras.
• 58% of the jobs in this town are from maquiladoras

• Electronic equipment
• Electric appliances
• Auto parts
• Clothing
• Furniture

• Mostly unmarried, childless women between the ages of 18 and 24.
• Women have the time and less opportunities for women in farms.
• Smaller fingers
• Less likely to fight against them