Term
| Physical Development 1st 2 years (4) |
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Definition
- Gain 50% in height from birth to age 1; 75% by age 2
- Grow in spurts
- Gain baby fat first 9 months, then slim down
- Girls slightly shorter and lighter than boys |
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Term
| Factors affecting early physical growth (9) |
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Definition
- Heredity and hormones,
- emotional well-being
- sleep
- nutrition
- infectious diseases
- immunizations
- child health care
- childhood injuries
- prevention |
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Term
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Definition
| specialization of the two hemispheres of the brain |
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Term
| Difference between hearing and perceiving (3) |
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Definition
- Sensation of hearing is a fairly passive process
- Perceiving is an active process – we organize and interpret what we see
- Babies impose meaning on what they perceive – they interpret |
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Term
| Gross motor sequence of development |
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Definition
| - body becomes more streamlined, less top heavy, center of gravity shifts to the trunk |
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Term
| Fine motor sequence of development (5) |
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Definition
- giant leap forward
- control of hands and fingers improves
- self-help skills (dressing, feeding)
- drawing
- cut with scissor |
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Term
| Graphomotor sequence of development (4) |
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Definition
- Different pencil grips
- single units (3 –7)
- object parts (4 – 13)
- integrated whole (8 +) |
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Term
| Development of each skill is a product of |
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Definition
| earlier motor attainments and contributor to new ones. |
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Term
| Internal and external influences |
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Definition
| join together to support the huge transformations that occur during the first two years. |
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Term
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Definition
| system, separate abilities blend together to create new ways of exploring and controlling the environment. |
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Term
| Not genetically determined but |
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Definition
motivated by exploration and the desire to master new tasks
Heredity only maps it out generally |
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Term
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Definition
| plays the greatest role in cognitive development, starts out as gross, diffuses activity and moves toward mastery of the fine movements involved in voluntary reaching. |
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Term
| How do we enhance early childhood motor development? (6) |
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Definition
- Everyday play
- Daily routines
- Appropriate play space and equipment
- Fun, positive attitude
- Social climate of adults can enhance or dampen motor development
- Adult involvement should focus on fun, not winning or perfect technique |
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Term
| Major advances of hearing and vision in the first year |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Hearing impairment so severe that the child is impaired in:
- processing linguistic information through hearing
- with or without amplification
- adversely affects a child’s educational performance. |
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Term
| Prevalence of deafness / visual impairment |
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Definition
• makes up a very small percentage of the school-age
population
• fewer than 2 in 1,000 children
• almost half of the school-age population with visual
impairments has at least one additional disability (served
under category of deaf-blind or multiple disabilities
• 1 in 200 to 250 of all school age children with IEPs are
served under the disability category of visual impairment |
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Term
| Lack of access to language – what are the challenges? (5) |
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Definition
- language development
- cognitive development
- literacy development
- academic achievement
- social/emotional functioning |
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Term
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Definition
- receives no useful information through the sense of
vision
- must use tactile and auditory senses for all learning |
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Term
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Definition
| - learns primarily through the auditory and tactile senses - may be able to use her limited vision to supplement the information received from the other senses and to assist with certain tasks (e.g. moving about the classroom) |
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Term
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Definition
- uses vision as a primary means of learning
- may supplement visual information with tactile and auditory input |
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Term
| Prevalence of visual impairment |
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Definition
- Very small percentage of school aged children
- Fewer than 2 in 1,000 kids
- Almost half of the school-age population with visual impairments has at least one additional disability (served under category of deaf-blind or multiple disabilities)
- 1 in 200 to 250 of all school age children with IEPs are served under the disability category of visual impairment. |
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Term
| Equipment or adaptations to help children with visual impairments |
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Definition
| magnifiers, large print texts, braile, tactile learning tools |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to clearly distinguish forms or discriminate among details |
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Term
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Definition
| at a distance of 20 feet, the eye can see what a normally seeing eye sees at that distance. |
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Term
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Definition
| a person whose visual acuity is 20/200 or less in the better eye after the best possible correction |
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Term
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Definition
| a person whose visual acuity is no better than 20/70 in the better eye after correction |
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Term
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Definition
| a person can also be considered legally blind if field of vision is extremely restricted. |
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Term
| when gazing straight ahead, a normal eye can see objects within a range of approximately |
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Definition
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Term
| a person whose vision is restricted to an area of _______ or less is considered legally blind |
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Definition
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Term
| Characteristics: children with visual impairments: cognition and language: |
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Definition
Learning the concept of objects takes repeated, direct contact with concepts through nonvisual senses.
They need a great deal of incidental and direct learning to put the jumble of isolated experiences together. |
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Term
| Characteristics: children who are deaf or hard of hearing |
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Definition
| Often have motor delays and deficits |
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Term
| Characteristics: children who are deaf or hard of hearing: social |
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Definition
- interact less during free time
- delay in the development of social skills
- difficulty in receiving and expressing affection.
- Fewer shared experiences, common interests, conversation, friendships, social isolation
- inability to see and respond to social signals of others, - - engaging in repetitive body movements (body rocking, eye rubbing, hand flapping) stereotypic behaviors
- beliefs and superstitions of those around them (folklore). |
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Term
Physical Disabilities and Health Impairments
Extremely varied population – examples of variation |
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Definition
- Physical may be mild or moderate
- Intellectual may be extremely restrictive or there may be no limit to what they can do/learn
- Some appear no different than a typical child/others have highly visible impairments
- Single impairment or combination
- Congenital (since birth) or acquired
- Assistive devices that help control or child can’t control
- Always present or only occasionally occur
- Increase, decrease, stay the same |
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Term
| Appropriate education for children with physical disabilities: what is needed? |
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Definition
• Assistive technology for communication, access, mobility
• Related services such as physical or occupational therapy
• Special health care services in the classroom |
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Term
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Definition
a severe orthopedic impairment
- adversely affects a child’s educational performance.
Impairments caused by
- congenital anomaly (e.g. clubfoot, absence of some member, etc)
- disease (e.g. poliomyelitis, bone tuberculoses)
- other causes (e.g. cerebral palsy, amputations, and fractures or burns that cause contractures. |
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Term
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Definition
| limited strength, vitality, or alertness, including a heightened alertness to environmental stimuli, that results in limited alertness with respect to the educational environment, that— |
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Term
| Other Health Impairment: 1) Is due to chronic or acute health problems such as |
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Definition
asthma, ADD or ADHD, diabetes, epilepsy, a heart condition, hemophilia, lead poisoning, leukemia, nephritis, rheumatic fever, sickle cell anemia, and Tourette syndrome; and
2) Adversely affects academic performance |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder of voluntary movement and posture |
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Term
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Definition
| congenital malformations of the brain, spinal cord, or vertebrae |
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Term
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Definition
| inherited diseases marked by progressive atrophy (wasting away) of the body’s muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
| usually the result of a lesion to the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition involving seizures (disturbance caused by abnormal electrical discharges) in the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| a chronic disorder of metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a genetic disease where body excretes thick mucous that can block lungs and digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome (AIDS): breakdown in body’s immune system |
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Term
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Definition
The fundamental principle of inclusive education is the valuing of diversity within the human community....When inclusive education is fully embraced, we abandon
the idea that children have to become "normal" in order to contribute to the world.... We begin to look beyond typical ways of becoming valued members of the community, and in doing so, begin to realize the achievable goal of providing all children with an authentic sense of belonging. |
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Term
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Definition
| (Individuals with Disabilities Act): a law ensuring services to children with disabilities throughout the nation. IDEA governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education and related services to more than 6.5 million eligible infants, toddlers, children and youth with disabilities. |
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