Term
| Infertility definition, stats, dx |
|
Definition
Biological inability to bear children >1 year of unprotected intercourse
15% of couples are involuntarily infertile
Leading dx is endocrine or immunological disturbances |
|
|
Term
| Subfertility, stats, examples (3 ex) |
|
Definition
Reduced level of fertility characterized by unusually long time for conception (>12 months) and/or repeated miscarriages. Can be improved with diet.
18% of couples are subfertile
-Having multiple miscarriages
-Sperm abnormalities
-Infrequent ovulation |
|
|
Term
| Miscarriage, causes (4 causes) |
|
Definition
Loss within the first 20 weeks of pregnancy (9% of pregnancies)
-Defect in fetus (genetic) – 95% of miscarriages
-Maternal infection (PID > fallopian tubes)
-Structural abnormalities of uterus (endometriosis)
-Endocrine or immunological disturbances
Leading diagnosis of infertility |
|
|
Term
| Cutoff Age for chromosomal disorder likelihood increase in women, and sperm count decrease in men |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does sperm maturation take? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conditions that modify fertility in men and women seem to affect hormones that regulate: |
|
Definition
Ovulation
Luteal phase (presence or length)
Fallopian tubes - passageway that ova must travel for conception to occur
Sperm production
Vas deferens |
|
|
Term
| Factors that contribute to infertility in both males and females (13) |
|
Definition
Weightloss > 15% of normal weight
Inadequate Body Fat
Negative Energy Balance
Excessive (especially central) body fat
Extreme levels of exercise
High Alcohol Intake
Endocrine Disorders
Celiac Disease
Crowding
Severe Stress
Reproductive Tract Structural Abnormalities
STD's
Diabetes |
|
|
Term
| Environmental Factors that can affect fertility (5) |
|
Definition
| Environmental toxins, dioxins, polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), phtalate esters, and other industrial products. Many are called endocrine disruptors and are incorporated in biochemical pathways. |
|
|
Term
| Two nutrients associated with infertility |
|
Definition
| B-12 deficiency, & elevated homocysteine |
|
|
Term
| Factors that contribute to infertility in males (12) |
|
Definition
Inadequate Zinc
Inadequate Antioxidants
Heavy Metal Exposure
Glycerol Exposure
Halogen Exposure
Estrogen Exposure (DDT, PCB's)
Chromosomal Abnormalities in sperm
Sperm Defects
Excessive Heat to Testes
Steroid Use
Vitamin D inadequacy*
DHA inadequacy*
* = controversial |
|
|
Term
| Factors that contribute to infertility in females (10) |
|
Definition
Recent oral contraceptive use (within 2 months)
Anorexia or Bulimia
High Caffeine Intake
High Fiber intake
Age > 35
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
Poor Iron Stores
Endometriosis
Vegetarian Diets*
Carotenemia*
* = Controversial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dramatic decline in fertility that recovers when food intake does |
|
|
Term
| Gravidic Chronic undernutrition |
|
Definition
| Birth of small & frail infants w/high likelihood of death within 1st year of life |
|
|
Term
| Fertility Body Fat Facts (3) |
|
Definition
Estrogen, androgens (testosterone), and leptin are produced by fat cells
Fertility is optimal with BMI 20-30
Fertility treatments not as effective in obese women |
|
|
Term
| Consequences of too low of a BMI for women (2) |
|
Definition
Amenorrhea, anovulatory cycles, & short or absent luteal phases
Fertility drugs (e.g., Clomid) not effective in underweight women |
|
|
Term
| Consequences of too much weight loss in men (2) |
|
Definition
Weight loss 10-15% below normal - sperm viability & mobility reduced
Weight loss > 25% below normal - sperm production stopped |
|
|
Term
| 5 Nutritional Factors that largely affect female fertility |
|
Definition
Fat intake <20% of calories
Dietary fiber >25 g/day
Soy Isoflavones >200 mg/day
Caffeine
>300 mg/day decreases fertility by 27%
>500 mg/day decreases fertility by 50%
Alcohol – avoid during pregnancy anyway!
1-5 drinks per week 39% in conception
>10 drinks per week 66% in conception |
|
|
Term
| 2 Ingredients with large amounts of phytoestrogens (good for breast cancer but not for fertility) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Supplementation in this supplement improves fertility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 Things to Maximize Fertility M & F |
|
Definition
Choose Low GI Carbohydrates
Iron Supplementation
Multivitamins
Choose Full Fat Dairy
Reduce/Eliminate Trans Fat |
|
|
Term
| Oral Contraceptives Side Effects (11) |
|
Definition
Increased HDL
Increased TG and LDL
Increased risk of venous thromboembolism (blood clots)
Increased blood levels of copper
Decreased:
Folic acid
Magnesium
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
Vitamin B12
Vitamin C
Zinc |
|
|
Term
| 4 Side effects of contraceptive injections |
|
Definition
Weight gain
Increased LDL
Decreased HDL
Decreased bone density |
|
|
Term
| Contraceptive Implant Side Effect (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lack of this nutrient early in pregnancy can cause this birth defect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effects of Goldenseal, barberry, and Oregon grape |
|
Definition
| can increase oxytocin (uterine contractions), but may also damage the liver of the fetus |
|
|
Term
| Herbs to avoid while pregnant |
|
Definition
| andrographis, blue cohosh, boldo, catnip, essential oils, feverfew, juniper, licorice, nettle, red clover, shepherd's purse, and yarrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Resting Energy Expenditure
Total Energy Expenditure
Ideal Body Weight |
|
|
Term
| Calculating Ideal Body Weight (IBW) |
|
Definition
Female: 100 lbs for 1st 60” (5 ft) of height + 5 lbs for each additional inch
Male: 106 lbs for the 1st 60” (5 ft) of height + 6 lbs for each additional inch
Frame size adjustment (10%):
– Large frame: IBW + (IBW x 0.10)
– Small frame: IBW - (IBW x 0.10) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Men: REE = (9.99 X W) + (6.25 X H) – (4.92 X A) + 5
Women: REE = (9.99 X W) + (6.25 X H) – (4.92 X A) – 161
TEE = REE x (Activity Factor) +/- 500 calories depending on whether weight loss or gain is desired
key:
weight (W) in kg
height (H) in cm
age (A) in years |
|
|
Term
1 in to Cm Conversion (you already know it)
1 kg to pound conversion |
|
Definition
2.54 cm = 1 in
1 kg = 2.2 lb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
weight in pounds * 703
————————————————————————
height in inches² |
|
|
Term
| Activity Factor Multipliers |
|
Definition
Sedentary (little or no exercise)=1.2
o Lightly active (light exercise/sports 1-2 days/wk)=1.375
o Moderately active (moderate exercise/sports 3-5 days/wk)=1.55
o Very active (hard exercise/sports 6-7 days/wk)=1.725
o Extra active (very hard exercise/sports & physical job or 2x per day training)=1.9
*Even higher for some ultra-endurance athletes, firefighters, etc = 4+ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pelvic Inflammatory Disease |
|
|
