Term
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Definition
intonation patterns
stress
speech rate, etc.
suprasegmentals |
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Term
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Definition
| gestures, body movements, eye contact, facial expression |
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Term
| bound morphemes vs. free morphemes |
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Definition
bound: cannot stand alone, always attached to free (inflectional modify tense, person, number; derivational change part of speech)
free: can stand alone |
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Term
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Definition
begin at two-word level
action-object (Push car)
agent-action (Mommy eat)
recurrence (More milk) |
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Term
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Definition
| consistent sound relative to a specific process (e.g. Ian's "na") |
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Term
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Definition
relate to speaker's intention or goal
greeting, asking questions, answering questions, requesting info, giving info, requesting clarification |
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Term
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Definition
form: phonology, morphology, syntax
content: semantics (words, meanings, links)
use: pragmatics (rules that govern reasons for communication and codes chosen)
Bloom & Lahey's venn diagram: overlap of form/content/use |
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Term
| Behavioral theory of language acquisition |
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Definition
B.F. Skinner, 1957
--conditioning, practice, imitation
--environment is critical
--limitations: 1) emphasizes process, not what they learn
2) acquisition is much too fast
3) children produce utterances they don't hear |
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Term
| Psychlinguistic/syntactic theory of language acquisition |
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Definition
Chomsky, late 1950s through today
--human brain contains innate language skills "prewired"
--LAD = language acquisition skills
--explains rapid acquisition,every culture has language, people will make up languages on their own
--government-binding theory
Limitations: ignores cognitive development, does not explain what the innate knowledge is |
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Term
| Semantic/cognitive theory of language acquisition |
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Definition
Bloom, 1970
--children's language maps semantic relations before syntax
--based on cognitive knowledge
--"children say only what they know how to mean"
limitations: some kids w/normal cognition have language difficulties
--ignores role of linguistic input |
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Term
| pragmatic approach theory of language acquisition |
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Definition
Bruner 1974/1975
--views language development as part of social development
--language learned to socialize and direct behavior of others
Limitations: How do communicative intentions become linked to linguistic structures? How do children acquire symbols for referents? |
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Term
| adult-child interaction patterns |
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Definition
expansion (increase length or complexity)
expatiation (add new relevant info)
vertical structuring (posing questions)
prompts (comments/questions to extend what child has said)
repetition
recast (model adult form) |
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Term
| relational words in one-word utterances |
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Definition
existence (that!)
nonexistence (no/gone)
disappearance (gone/all gone)
recurrence (more) |
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Term
| semantic roles underlying children's early language |
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Definition
nomination: labeling
existence: noting existence of something
agent: recognition of action initiating activity (daddy throw)
object: (cut bread)
possession: mommy shoe
location: spatial relationship between two objects: doggie bed
experiencer: baby fall (i.e. had an experience)
attribution: recognition of properties not inherently part of the class (baby cry)
denial: rejection of a proposition (no bed)
nonexistence (cookie all gone)
rejection (no more throw)
instrument (subject caused activity: car bump)
recurrence (more cookie)
notice: recognition that object has appeared (hi daddy) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| variety of sentence types |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Order of morpheme development |
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Definition
-ing
in
on
plurals
past irregular (went, broke)
possessive noun 's
uncontractible copula (be verbs)
a, the
past w/ -ed
third-person singular reg.
third-person singular irreg.
uncontractible aux. (be plus verbs)
contractible copula (I'm)
contratible aux. (I'm going) |
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Term
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Definition
child as a subject is first
other subjects, second
objects (him, her, them)
possessives (his, hers)
reflexives (himself, herself) |
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Term
| acquisition of adjective and noun suffixes |
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Definition
-er and -est (3-5 yrs.)
superlatives (better, best)
derivationals (batter, teacher) by 5
-ist--after 5 |
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Term
| phrase and clause development |
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Definition
noun phrases: Brown's II, surge in Stage IV
verb phrases: II-V |
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Term
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Definition
yes? no? early Stage I
where and what are first wh- questions
why, how, when come much later
inversion also progresses from MLU 2.75 to MLU 3.5 |
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Term
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Definition
earliest are nonexistence/rejection/denial
Phase I: negative appears outside sentence (No the girl running)
Phase II: negative marker occurs before verb (The girl not running.)
Phase III: Adult form (The girl is not running) |
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Term
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Definition
pointing/gesturing
True imperatives appear at Brown's Stage III |
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Term
| Complex sentence development |
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Definition
coordination (sentential "and" and phrasal)--develop at same time
complementation: main portion of sentence is coupled with a clause that modifies the verb (in order of appearance: like, want, need; see, look, watch; what; know and think; ask, tell, promise) |
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Term
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Definition
| pronoun used to refer to a previously established entity (Mary is happy. SHE passed the test.) |
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Term
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Definition
| words whose meaning shifts as the nonlinguistic context changes; demonstrative pronoun (pointing) I'll take THAT one. |
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Term
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Definition
| deletion of information available in discourse |
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Term
| figurative language order of development |
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Definition
metalinguistics (ages 5-8)
metaphors (middle childhod, 3-7)
idioms, proverbs, sarcasm (much older) |
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Term
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Definition
two types
whole-word processes: reduplication, final consonant deletion, cluster reduction,unstressed syllable omission
segment-change processes: fronting, stopping, gliding |
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Term
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Definition
monologue, not conversation
script: dialogue for everyday scenes (age 2)
plan: event sequences (age 4)
protonarratives: (age 3)
chaining, centering |
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Term
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Definition
initiating event
internal response
plan
attempt
consequence
resolution
ending |
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Term
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Definition
print awareness:
text from left to right, top down
learn to name and write letters
recognize that print represents meaningful ideas
understand that stories are organized in a particular way |
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Term
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Definition
presupposition: taking others' perspectives into account
clarification/conversational repair: preschoolers simply repeat what is said even louder
topic maintenance
code switching
indirect requests |
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Term
| language in the classroom |
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Definition
decontextualized
expository texts *see p.83* |
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Term
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Definition
| awareness of the sound structures of words--can play with words, as in rhyming |
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Term
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Definition
| in learning to write, kids go through many stages of invented spelling, from getting just one letter correct to getting the main consonants (syllables without vowels), |
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