Term
| Which gas law shows that pressure and volume are inversely related |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what law describes volume and temperature as being directly related |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What law describes pressure and temperature being directly related |
|
Definition
| P/T = P/T gay-lussac's law |
|
|
Term
| write out the combined gas law |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe avogadro's hypothesis |
|
Definition
equal volume of gases under the same conditions of temp and pressure (ATM) contain the same number of molecules.
- There are 6.02 x 10^23 molecules in one mole of any substance |
|
|
Term
| a mole is the molecular weight expressed in what units |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at what conditions will one mole of gas occupy 22.4 liters of volume |
|
Definition
| at standard temp (0 c) and 1 atm |
|
|
Term
| what is the acronym for correct order of mathmatic operations? |
|
Definition
PEMDAS Please excuse my dear aunt sally.
P: Parentehsis
E: Exponents
M: Multiplication
D: Division
A: Addition
S: Subtraction |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1 microgram = ? Nanograms? |
|
Definition
| 1 microgram = 1000 nanograms |
|
|
Term
| what comes after micrograms? Then after that? |
|
Definition
| Nanograms then pictograms |
|
|
Term
| Starting with meters name its conversion to the next smaller measurement. Continue to do this for the next four measurements. |
|
Definition
Meter - decimeter - centimeter - millimeters
1 meter = 10 decimeters 1 decimeter = 10 cenitmeters 1 centimeter = 10 milimeters |
|
|
Term
| how many lbs/inch square are in 1 ATM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many lbs/inch square are in 900 mm Hg |
|
Definition
760 mm Hg = 14.7 lbs/inch square
so 900 x 14.7 / 760 = 17.4 lbs/inch square. |
|
|
Term
| how many lbs/inch square are in 1.5 ATM |
|
Definition
1 ATM = 14.7 lbs/inch square
SO 1.5 x 14.7 / 1 = 22.05 lbs/inch square |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 gm / 1 mL. Therefore used as a basis for all other materials. |
|
|
Term
| what is the concentration of epi in a 1:1000 solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the conversion of 35 celsius to F |
|
Definition
F= 9/5 * C + 32
F = 9/5 * 35 + 32
F = 95 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
C=5/9(F-32)
C=5/9 (99.5-32)
C= 37.5 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
K = C + 273
K = 43 + 273
K = 316 K |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
F -> C. Then C+273 = K
C = 5/9 (F-32)
C=37.8
K = C + 273
K = 310.8 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Extreme obesity BMI =
Super Obesity BMI = |
|
Definition
Extreme obesity BMI = > or equal 40
Super Obesity BMI = > or equal 50 |
|
|
Term
| what is the BMI of a patient who is 1.6 meters tall and weighs 140 kg? What category do they sit in |
|
Definition
1.6^2 = 2.56
140kg / 2.56 = 54.68 = super obese |
|
|
Term
| A patient is 1.77 meters tall and weighs 142 kg. What is their BMI and what category are they for BMI. |
|
Definition
1.77 ^ 2 = 3.13
142 kg / 3.13 = 45.37 BMI = Extreme obesity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| BSA = SqRT (Height in cm x Weight Kg / 3600) |
|
|
Term
| What is the BSA for a 90kg 72 inch male |
|
Definition
BSA = SqRT (Height in cm x Weight Kg / 3600)
72 in = 182.9 cm
90x182.9 = 16459
16459 / 3600 = 4.572
square root of 4.572 = 2.14 meters ^2. |
|
|
Term
| what is the partial pressure of sevo if delivered at 2%. |
|
Definition
It is 2% of that location's Atmospheric pressure. If at sea level than 2% of 760 mmHg.
= 15.2 mm Hg |
|
|
Term
| what is the partial pressure of desflurane if delivered at 6% in denver at 506 mm Hg |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
MAP = Systolic + 2DBP
______________________
3 |
|
|
Term
| What is the MAP of this BP 120/72 |
|
Definition
(SBP + 2xDBP) / 3
SBP: 120
DBP: 72
120 +(72x2) = 264
264 / 3 = 88
MAP = 88 |
|
|
Term
| coronary perfusion pressure = equation |
|
Definition
| Coronary perfusion pressure = diastolic pressure - LVEDP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SVR = { (MAP-CVP)/CO } x 80 |
|
|
Term
| What is the SVR for a pt with a CO of 4.8 liters, CVP of 8 and BP 130/70. |
|
Definition
MAP = 90
SVR = { (MAP-CVP)/CO } x 80
SVR = { (90-8) / 4.8 } x 80
SVR =1366 |
|
|
Term
| what cardiac formula that we use often is a derivative of ohm's law |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The major determinant of SVR is? The other detemrinant is? |
|
Definition
Major determinant of SVR is ARTERIOLAR tone. Which is controlled by the SNS.
Other determinant is local metabolite accumulation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 900 - 1200 dyne sec / cm ^ -5 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NO. it means its dilated. Not much tone. Normal tone is 900-1200 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No. Very clamped down. Normal 900-1200. |
|
|
Term
| what is the pH of a patient with a hydrogen ion concentration of 4x10^-8 |
|
Definition
pH= - log (4x10^-8)
pH = 7.397
pH=7.40 |
|
|
Term
| what is the hydrogen ion concentration if pH is 7.35 |
|
Definition
Antilog (-pH)
or 10^(-pH)
10^(-7.35)
Hydrogen ion concentration = 4.47x10^-8 |
|
|
Term
blood volume of a premie?
Blood volume of a neonate?
Blood volume of a infant?
Child?
Adult? |
|
Definition
premie = 100mL
neonate = 90
infant = 85
Child 80
Adult = 70 |
|
|
Term
| What is the equation for maximum allowable blood loss? |
|
Definition
| MABL = Kg x blood volume x {(Hct0 - Hct1)/Hcta } |
|
|
Term
| 25kg 6 year old starting crit is 40 and lowest acceptable is 30. what is their MABL |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the ETT size for a pedi |
|
Definition
| ETT Size = (age + 16) / 4 |
|
|
Term
| what is the ETT depth for a child |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the correct uncuffed ETT size and depth for a 6 year old |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the correct uncuffed ETT size/depth for a 7 year old |
|
Definition
| size = 5.75 or 6. and depth is 15.5 |
|
|
Term
| what is the correct cuffed ett size/depth for a 5 year old |
|
Definition
Size = 4.5 (5.25 -0.5 and rounded)
Depth = 14.5 |
|
|
Term
| what is the correct cuffed ett size/depth for a 4 year old |
|
Definition
size: 4.5 (5-0.5)
Depth: 14cm |
|
|
Term
| what law says pressur and temperature are directly related |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what term describes the massive heat build up when opening O2 cylinders to fast |
|
Definition
| adiabatic compression and expansion. Opening the O2 cylinders too fast causes massive compression and expansion at the stem and can heat up to 3000 F |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 6.02 x 10^23 molecules in one mole of any substance at 1 ATM and 0 C. |
|
|
Term
| what effects the ability of a gas to diffuse |
|
Definition
1. concentration gradient
2. temperature
3. solubility
4. Square root of its molecular size |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between Fick's law and Grahams law in regards to diffusion |
|
Definition
| Fick says that rate of diffusion is proportional to its gradient while graham says that rate of diffusion is inversely proporitional to the square root of its molecular size. |
|
|
Term
| what law says that the partial pressure of a gas in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure in the gas phase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what law states that the total pressur eof gases in a liquid is equal to the sum of the partial pressure of the gas overlying hte liquid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what coefficient correlates with speed of induction of a volatile |
|
Definition
| blood gas coefficient INVERSELY CORRELATEs to induction |
|
|
Term
| what coefficient correlates with potency of the agent |
|
Definition
| oil gas coefficient DIRECTLY correlates with potency of agent. |
|
|
Term
| What coefficient correlates with length of time for emergence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The higher the oil/gas coefficient the ___ MAC (higher or lower MAC #) |
|
Definition
| Higher oil/gas # then the LOWER MAC number |
|
|
Term
What is the blood gas Coefficient for
1. N20
2. Desflurane
3. SEVO
4. Isoflurane |
|
Definition
1. N20 = 0.47
2. Desflurane = 0.42
3. SEVO = 0.68
4. Isoflurane = 1.4 |
|
|
Term
| if you have a low blood/gas # then will you have a faster or slower induction |
|
Definition
| lower the blood gas # the FASTER the onset. Gas wants to be out of the blood and in the brain! |
|
|
Term
What is the MAC for
1. N20
2. Desflurane
3. SEVO
4. Isoflurane |
|
Definition
1. N20 = 104
2. Desflurane = 6.3
3. SEVO = 1.71
4. Isoflurane = 1.15 |
|
|
Term
What is the vapor pressure for:
1. N20
2. Desflurane
3. SEVO
4. Isoflurane |
|
Definition
What is the vapor pressure for:
1. N20 = 38,500 mm Hg
2. Desflurane = 690 mm Hg
3. SEVO = 185 mm Hg
4. Isoflurane = 250 mm Hg |
|
|
Term
| write out poiseuille equation |
|
Definition
R = 8 L n
_________
Pie x r^4 |
|
|
Term
| what condition must be met in order to use poiseuilles equation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| with turbulent flow the resistance = |
|
Definition
The square of the radius.
So square of 4 is 2x2. So square is 2.
Square of 9 is 3. since 3x3 is 9. |
|
|
Term
| what is the resistance to flow in turbulent flow and a radius of 4cm |
|
Definition
resistance will not be lowered as much in turbulent flow than would be in laminar flow. Resistance in turbulent flow only contributes inversely r^2 (16) compared to laminar flow r^4 (256).
So to solve for resistance dividing by 256 would give you a way less resistance number than dividing by 16. So turbulent flow sucks for good flows. The only way the body can compensate for athelerosclerosis is by increasing pressure. |
|
|
Term
| ventricular diameter is directly realted to what two thigns |
|
Definition
1. wall tension of the myocardium
2. O2 consumption |
|
|
Term
| What equation says T = Pr / 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An E cylinder contains what volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gas cylinders are designed to handle what max pressure |
|
Definition
| designed to handle 2x their working pressure. |
|
|
Term
| molecular weight of oxygen is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a gas's critical temperature mean? |
|
Definition
| the temperature at which oxygen can no longer exist as a liquid and only as a gas. |
|
|
Term
| a full E cylinder of o2 contains how much volume? How do you calculate this? |
|
Definition
660 L or 660,000mL
PV = PV
TANK PV (5000)(2000)=(14.7 which is outside ATM aka 760 mm Hg)(Volume in mL)
|
|
|
Term
| nitrous oxide molecular weight is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| critical temperature of nitrous is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the deal with nitrous and the E cylinder characteristics of this gas |
|
Definition
| Nitrous critical temperature is 36.5 degrees c. So it mostly exists as a liquid. The tank is usually 90-95% liquid. The tank pressure will remain 745 psi until all the liquid nitrous has vaporized. A full E cylinder of nitrous has 1590 Liters of nitrous oxide. |
|
|
Term
| removal of nitrous oxide at rates of ___ can result in cooling of the tank and pressure loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Describe how pressure can be relieved from gas cylinder systems in the event of:
1. Fire
2. Excess pressure build up
3. other |
|
Definition
| 1. fusible metal alloy: melts if fire 2. frangible disk: releives if excess pressure 3. safety relief valve: can re close this if it goes off |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between H and E cylinder connections |
|
Definition
| H cylinder use diameter and thread coding while E cylinder use the pin index safety system. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in pin configuration for O2, nitrous and air? |
|
Definition
Air: 1,5
O2: 2,5
Nitrous: 3,5 |
|
|
Term
| one cubic foot of liquid oxygen evolves how much cubic feet of o2 |
|
Definition
| one liquid cubic foot of liquid O2 produces 800 cubic feet of o2 gas or 24,338 Liters. |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between central and evacuation systems |
|
Definition
Central vacuum system removes air at 99L/min and can trap solid and liquid contaminants.
Evacuation system removes anesthetic gases. Cannot remove solids or liquids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pipeline O2 and nitrous is at what psi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the anesthesia machine oxygen can flow in what 5 directions |
|
Definition
1. flush valve
2. flow to the O2 failure alarm
3. flow to pneumatically driven devices
4. flow to the O2 failure cutoff valve
5. flows to flow meters |
|
|
Term
| the oxygen failure cutoff valve will activate wehn |
|
Definition
| if psi drops below 20-25 psi. Then all other gases turned off too |
|
|
Term
| does the fail safe prevent hypoxic gas mixtures?? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe engineering design for flow meters and their purpose |
|
Definition
| Designed to be larger on top than bottom. At higher flows the flow is turbulen and lower flows it is laminar. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between low flow and high flow rates on what drives the float in the flow meter |
|
Definition
Low flow rates: laminar flow and viscosity of gas drives the float.
High flow: turbulent flow; gas density is the major factor. |
|
|
Term
| at low flows oxygen flow meters can be exchanged with what gas |
|
Definition
| helium since their visocity is similar |
|
|
Term
| at high flows nitrous and what gas can be interchangable flow meters |
|
Definition
| nitrous and carbon dioxide at HIGH flow rates their flow meters can be interchangable |
|
|
Term
| do high or low flows produce more accurate results in the flow meters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does barometric pressure do to the accuracy of the float in the flow meter |
|
Definition
lower ATM then float will fall lower than the flow is.
Higher ATM then the float will rise too high for what is actually there. |
|
|
Term
| the common gas outlet has what size fitting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the properties of vapor |
|
Definition
| it is the gaseous phase of a substance that is otherwise liquid at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. There is an equillibrium between gas and liquid. The total pressure from both exerts itself on the walls of the container. This is what vapor pressure comes from. This exact pressure is called saturated vapor pressure. |
|
|
Term
| The temperature at which the vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the heat required to convert one gram of liquid into vapor is called |
|
Definition
| the latent heat of vaporization |
|
|
Term
| the quantity of heat required to raise one gram of a substance one degree Centigrade is called |
|
Definition
specific heat. So if an object has a high specific heat (tin foil) then you NEED ALOT OF HEAT TO GET THAT THING HOT. And once its hot if you don't maintain heat it IMMEDIATELY COOLS CAUSE IT HATES HEAT
HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT MEANS IT HATES HEAT |
|
|
Term
| If you have a high specific heat of a gas then will temperature changes affect that gas gradually or fast? |
|
Definition
| IF gas has a high specifc heat than temperature changes will have a gradual effect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the concentration of anesthetic that produces immobility in 50% of patients undergoing a standard surgical incision. |
|
|
Term
| describe the properties of vapor |
|
Definition
| it is the gaseous phase of a substance that is otherwise liquid at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. There is an equillibrium between gas and liquid. The total pressure from both exerts itself on the walls of the container. This is what vapor pressure comes from. This exact pressure is called saturated vapor pressure. |
|
|
Term
| The temperature at which the vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the heat required to convert one gram of liquid into vapor is called |
|
Definition
| the latent heat of vaporization |
|
|
Term
| the quantity of heat required to raise one gram of a substance one degree Centigrade is called |
|
Definition
specific heat
So if high specific heat then LOTS OF HEAT required to raise that object one degree C. So Tin foil takes A TON OF HEAT to raise its temperature. |
|
|
Term
| If you have a high specific heat of a gas then will temperature changes affect that gas gradually or fast? |
|
Definition
| IF gas has a high specifc heat than temperature changes will have a gradual effect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the concentration of anesthetic that produces immobility in 50% of patients undergoing a standard surgical incision. |
|
|
Term
| MAC may change with ATM pressure changes so what property of a volatile or gas can you use will always be consistent |
|
Definition
| use the partial pressure needed in the alveoli to illicit the same anesthetic effect. |
|
|
Term
saturated vapor concentrations at one atmosphere for:
1. desflurane
2. isoflurane
3. Sevoflurane |
|
Definition
1. desflurane: 91%
2. Isoflurance 31%
3. Sevoflurane 22% |
|
|
Term
| nitrous oxide can dissolve at about _____ mL/cc of agent |
|
Definition
| nitrous can dissolve into the vaporizer liquid at about 4.5 mL of nitrous per cc of second agent. |
|
|
Term
| If MAC of exothane is 1.15% at sea level then what is the MAC of exothane in Denver at 500 mmHg? |
|
Definition
| Mac of Exothane at sea level = 1.15% at 760 mm Hg. So the body needs a partial pressure of 8.74 mm Hg to obtain MAC. Therefore it needs 8.74 mm Hg no matter what altitude. So at denver the ATM is 500 mmHg. It still needs 8.74. So 8.74/500 = 1.74 %!! |
|
|
Term
| If the MAC of Ballothane is 2.5 % in Salt Lake City with a atm pressure 600 mmHg then what is MAC in Florida at sea level? |
|
Definition
| 2.5% at 600 mm Hg means that to obtain MAC you need a partial pressure of 15 mm Hg in the lungs. Therefore no matter where you are in the world you need 15 mm Hg partial pressure to obtain MAC. So at sea level you need 15 mm Hg too. So divide 15/sea level (706 mmHg) to get MAC % = 1.97% |
|
|
Term
| Are vaporizers with the lowest or highest vapor pressure placed furthest upstream |
|
Definition
| Lowest vapor pressure is placed upstream |
|
|
Term
| what can decrease vaporizer output |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can cause lethal concentrations of vapor |
|
Definition
| heating the vaporizer excessively |
|
|
Term
| The pumping effect on vaporizer % is more likely when flows are high or low? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the desflurane vaporizer |
|
Definition
| it is unique in that it DOES NOT use a variable bypass mechanism like sevo or isoflurane since its SVP is 690 at 20 centrigrade. IT needs to heat the agent to 39 C to produce desflurane gas at 1500 mmHg. |
|
|
Term
| Desflurane is measured how |
|
Definition
| It is pumped directly into fresh gas flow and measured by resistance and the back pressure produced when forced into fresh gas flow. |
|
|
Term
| what type of scavenger system do we have |
|
Definition
| a closed reservoir which has a bag for excess waste of gases and safety valves to prevent both negative and positive pressure from exerting its effects on the APL |
|
|
Term
| the scavenger for anesthetic gases use a active or passive suction route |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the primary cause of pollution when the OR is not in use is due to? |
|
Definition
| high pressure leaks from NO2 pollution |
|
|
Term
| The single most important factor in reducing anesthetic air pollution is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where exactly are the ducts where gas and air is evacuated from the OR |
|
Definition
| on the FLOORS. Fresh air comes from the ceiling |
|
|
Term
| OR ventilation systems should circulate how much per hour |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much co2 produced in one minute in the adult |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| o2 consumption in the adult is approximately |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The limiting factor to maintaining adequate oxygenation during apnea is? |
|
Definition
| limited by CO2 accumulation, not hypoxia. Co2 will diffuse more readily and cause a diffusion related hypoxia. |
|
|
Term
| positive pressure ventilation does what to atelectasis and dead space |
|
Definition
| increase dead space and increase atelectasis |
|
|
Term
| what is the equation for machine compliance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| minute volume in adults is ___ mL/kg/min |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal tidal volume for adult |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inspiratory flow in adults is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during inspiratory phase of ventilation the gas flows to the patient are a combination of gas from where |
|
Definition
1. bellows
2. fresh gas flow |
|
|
Term
| fresh gas flow decoupling can be accomplished by 2x |
|
Definition
1. volume monitoring
2. diversion of gas during inspiration |
|
|
Term
| whats the issue with not having a fresh gas decoupling device on our old ventilators? |
|
Definition
| since our bellows and our fresh gas flows are the sum of the tidal volume then there is great room for variation in tv if fgf were to change. This is even worse if administering care to pedi patient. |
|
|
Term
| the granule size of amsorb is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three reaction phases of CO2 absorbers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of reaction is CO2 absorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when can co2 absorber canisters reach excessive temps |
|
Definition
| if excessive co2 being absorbed |
|
|
Term
| what makes co2 absorber turn purple |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how large are the co2 canisters and how much co2 can they absorb |
|
Definition
| 1000gm canisters that can absorb 200 L of co2. so if normal co2 production is 12 Liters/hr then co2 absorber will be exhausted in 17 hours |
|
|
Term
| how much airspace in a co2 absorber canister |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which type of co2 absorber doesnt get dessicated and turn gas into monoxide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the APL is fully open it exerts what cm H20 of pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal flow rate for inspiration is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name four advantages of the circle system |
|
Definition
1. humidification
2. decrease anesthetic use
3. decreased heat loss
4. decreased OR pollution |
|
|
Term
| name four disadvantages of the circle system |
|
Definition
1. many fittings
2. valves required
3. not fully disposable
4. system is bulky and heavy |
|
|
Term
| Explain the physics behind the Tec 6 and desflurane at sea level and in denver colorado. What happens? Does the unit need to be adjusted? |
|
Definition
First understand that desflurane at 20C has a SVP of 690. It is very close to being a total gas and therefore unstable to be used in a variable bypass device. To make administration of desflurane safer it is heated in a Tec 6 vaporizer to 39 C which effectively pushes it past its critical temperature and into a 100% gas. (no vapor)
Desflurane's vaporizer works in absolute pressures. It administers its % relative to an absolute pressure. So its % of current atmospheric pressure. This is physiologically erred. Since % administered of any volatile is not a direct correlation to achieving MAC. Its the PARTIAL PRESSURE which effect anesthesia. So when you go to a higher altitude the % of that atm is what will come out of the Tec 6. Therefore in denver the ATM is much less and therefore 6 % in Denver will under deliver the needed partial pressure of deslfurane to achieve MAC of 1. |
|
|
Term
| how many deimeters in a meter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how man centimeters are in one meter |
|
Definition
| 1 meter = 100 centimeters |
|
|
