Term
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Definition
| Fluency is the aspect of speech production that refers to the continuity, smoothness, rate, and/or effort of speech |
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Term
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Definition
| Disruptions in the forward flow of speech |
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Term
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Definition
| 65-80% of children who stutter will recover without therapy, mostly before puberty |
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Term
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Definition
Affective- how do you feel?
Behavioral- what did you do?
Cognitive- what did you think? |
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Term
| Types of Fluency Disorders |
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Definition
- Stuttering
- Cluttering
- Neurogenic stuttering
- Psychogenic stuttering |
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Term
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Definition
- No more than 10 per 100 words
- Hesitations
- Word-fillers or interjections
- Phrase repetition
- Whole word repetitions of 1-2 iterations
- Revisions |
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Term
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Definition
- Part-word repetitions
- Single syllable whole word repetitions (more than 2)
- Prolongations
- Blocks |
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Term
| Overt Aspects of Stuttering |
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Definition
- Atypical disfluencies
- Secondary behaviors |
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Term
| Covert Aspects of Stuttering |
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Definition
| - Refers to reactions, thoughts, feelings, self-concept |
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Term
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Definition
- Learned through negative reinforcement
- Eye blinks, head movements, tongue protrusion, or gasping for air
- Escape and avoidance |
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Term
| Fluency Inducing Conditions |
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Definition
- Singing
- Choral reading
- Delayed auditory feedback |
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Term
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Definition
- Consecutive reading of the same passage leads to improved fluency (by the 5th reading)
- But not in psychogenic stuttering |
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Term
| Language Factors and Stuttering |
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Definition
- Adults stutter more on content words
- Preschools stutter more on function words |
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Term
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Definition
- Mostly between ages 20-48 months
- 72% begin within the first year of the onset of speech
- Influenced significantly by period of intense speech and language development |
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Term
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Definition
- 15% including those who stutter for a brief time
- 5% for 6 or more months
- Higher among the brain injured
- Low incidence among the deaf
- Some speculate that the incidence has decreased in the last 30 years |
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Term
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Definition
- 4% of children
- 1% of adults
- 3:1 male to female (1:1 for preschoolers) |
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Term
| The Development of Stuttering |
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Definition
- Normal disfluencies, 1.5-6 years
- Borderline stuttering, 1.5-3.5 years
- Beginning stuttering, 3.5-6 years
- Intermediate stuttering, 6-13 years
- Advanced stuttering, 14+ years |
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Term
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Definition
- 11 or more disfluencies per 100 words
- Loose, relaxed disfluencies
- Secondary behaviors are absent or inconsistent
- Sometimes aware of stutter but infrequently concerned |
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Term
| Contributing Factors to Normal Disfluencies/Borderline Stuttering |
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Definition
- Demands on language acquisition
- Speech motor control maturation
- Family stress
- Threats to security |
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Term
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Definition
- Emergence of tensing and speeding up of repetitions
- Stuttering is more frequent and more severe
- Pitch rise during prolongations and fixed articulatory postures during blocks
- Escape secondary behaviors are present
- Awareness of difficulty and feeling of frustration |
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Term
| Contributing Factors to Beginning Stuttering |
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Definition
- Interplay of genetic and environmental factors
- Child's own temperament
- Conditioned reactions causing tension and secondary behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
- Blocks where sound and air flow are cut off
- Increasing tense blocks, repetitions and prolongations
- Escape behaviors and emergence of avoidance behaviors
- Fear, embarrassment, and shame |
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Term
| Contributing Factors to Intermediate Stuttering |
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Definition
- All previous
- Avoidance conditioning
- Increased negative feelings |
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Term
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Definition
- Long tense blocks
- Highly over learned patterns
- Tense repetitions and prolongations
- Escape and avoidance behaviors
- Negative self concept |
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Term
| Contributing Factors to Advanced Stuttering |
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Definition
- All previously described
- Cognitive learning |
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Term
| Stuttering as a Multifactorial, Dynamic, Disorder |
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Definition
- Physiological and linguistic factor may be significant in the onset of stuttering
- Emotional and environmental aspects contribute to severity and persistence
- Stuttering moments are only surface features of an ever-changing process (Smith & Kelly, 1997) |
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Term
| Physiological Considerations |
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Definition
- Genetics
- Auditory processing
- Right hemisphere processing
- Decreased activation in striatum
- Over activation of supplemental motor area
- Abnormal development of Inferior frontal gyrus |
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Term
| Linguistic Considerations |
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Definition
- Linguistic and phonological complexity
- Sensorimotor processes involved in speech production |
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Term
| Environmental Considerations |
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Definition
- Stressful adult speech models
- Environmental pressures
- Stressful life events |
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Term
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Definition
- Anxiety and arousal
- Temperament |
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Term
| Stuttering as a Disorder of Brain Organization |
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Definition
- Lack of hemispheric dominance (Orton & Travis, 1931)
- LH delay, RH dominance (Geschwind & Galaburda, 1985)
- LH SMA distruption (Webster, 1983) |
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Term
| Etiology Theories Across the Decades |
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Definition
- 20s-30s Breakdown Hypothesis
- 30s-50s Personality and Repressed Needs Theory
- 60s-80s Learning Etiology
- 90s Integration of Theories, Neurolinguistic Theories
- 2000s Brain Imaging and Genetic Theories |
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Term
| Stuttering as a Disorder of Timing |
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Definition
- Disruption of timing of muscle sequence (Van Riper, 1982)
- Deficit in central timing that regulates speech production and integrated right and left brain (Kent, 1994) |
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Term
| Stuttering as a Reduced Capacity for Internal Modeling |
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Definition
| - Weakness in using the internal model to transform the child's plans for the sounds of a word into motor commands (Neilson & Neilson, 1987) |
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Term
| Stuttering as a Language Production Deficit (Covert Repair Hypothesis) |
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Definition
- Deficits in planning and assembling the units for language production
- Stuttering can be explained by responses to an error in the command (Kolk & Postma, 1997) |
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Term
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Definition
- Stuttering results when parents misdiagnose their child's normal disfluencies (Johnson, 1942)
- Difference in normal disfluencies and stuttering disfluencies |
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Term
| Communicative Failure and Anticipatory Struggle |
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Definition
- Stuttering begins when a child finds talking difficult (Bloodstein, 1987/1997)
- Anticipated difficulty in talking produces tension and fragmentation of speech, which leads to more communication failures |
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Term
| Stuttering as Approach-Avoidance Conflict |
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Definition
- Stuttering is the result of a conflict between opposing drives to speak and to hold back from speaking (Sheehan)
- When the forces are in relative equilibrium, stuttering occurs |
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Term
| Capacities and Demands Theory |
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Definition
| - Stuttering may emerge when a child's capacities for fluency are overwhelmed by demands (Sheehan 1970; Andrews 1982, Starkweather 1987) |
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Term
| Dual Diathesis-Stresson Model of Stuttering |
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Definition
- Two underlying vulnerabilities (emotional and speech. & language) (Conture & Walden 2008)
- Variations in stuttering relate to variations in stressors that activate underlying diatheses |
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Term
| An Integration of Perspectives on Stuttering (Two Stage Model) |
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Definition
| - Stuttering develops in a primary stage (simple disfluencies from how the brain handles speech/language production) and a secondary stage (complex from child/environment reaction to disfluencies) |
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