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| Historical Development (of the Media) |
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Definition
| Partisan papers > penny press > radio > tv > cable > internet |
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The FCC was created to ensure diversity, competition, and localism to the media.
Its laws include:
1. Public interest programming
2. Right of rebuttal
3. Fairness doctrine
4. Equal time provision
5. Limited concentration of ownership |
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Term
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Definition
The move of newspaper, magazine, tv, radio, books, movies, music, video, wire services, and photo agencies from many small companies to a few large companies. 50 companies made up a majority of the US media market in '83, as of '04, it was just 5.
Consolidation leads to loss of independent voices (freedom of the press), loss of localism, loss of quality |
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| The power to bring public attention to particular issues and problems |
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| When the media's coverage of an issue causes the public to evaluate public officials or events in light of the issue |
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The ability to determine how an event will be viewed by the public.
Ie how the media highlights and makes connections in an issue to promote a certain interpretation, evaluation, or solution |
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Single-Member District is the form of democratic legislature used in the US and UK. In SMD, the map is broken into districts. 1 distric:1 rep:1 vote. Usually two parties.
Proportional Representation (aka Parliamentary Democracy) is a form of democratic legislature common in Western Europe. %party votes=%party representation. Usually many parties. |
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| Electoral Alignment/Dealignment |
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Definition
Dealignment: a party's ties to the electorate weaken
Realignment: a new party supplants the ruling party, usually after a dealignment |
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Term
| Unified vs. Divided Government |
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Definition
| In a Presidential System, like in the US, the legislature (congress) and the executive (president) can be controlled by opposite parties. This is known as a divided government. It's easier for the government to act when it's United than Divided. |
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Term
| Challenges for 3rd Parties in SMD |
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Definition
1. SMD bad for 3rd parties
2. Well-recieved agendas absorbed by dems/reps
3. often only regional base
4. campaign finance laws make it hard to raise money
5. can't get into debates
6. popular perception they can't win |
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| Elections used to select a party's candidate for the general election. Can be open (public) or closed (party members only) |
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| Meetings held by parties to nominate candidates |
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| candidate/surrogate appearances, TV ads (mostly local and cable), radio ads, direct mail, canvassing |
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| Money given to reach voters through donations to candidates, parties, and interest groups during campaigns |
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| Ruling that limits money given to candidates to prevent corruption or the "appearance of corruption", but doesn't limit independent expenditures because money=speech |
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Term
| Citizens United v. FEC (2010) |
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Definition
| Stupid-ass ruling that allowed unlimited spending on express candidate advocacy (through Super PACs). Equated corporate and labor union spending with free speech |
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Term
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Definition
| Strategies: Stereotyping, Association, Demonization, Code Words. First Used by Eisenhower in '52. More effective for unknown than established candidates. Long term and short term factors effect voter decisions. Long: party loyalties, ideological dispositions, rules of the game, socioeconomic status/education, sex, race, and religion. Short: media reaction to ads, candidate strategies, debate performance |
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| Positive vs. Negative (Television Ads) |
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Definition
| While positive ads are usually seen as good and negative bad, negative ads often give more actual information, whereas positive ads are often fluff pieces. |
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| The efforts of departments and agencies to translate laws into specific bureaucratic routines. Involves interpretation |
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| Quasi-legislative process that produces regulations by government agencies |
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| Applying rules and precedents to specific cases to settle disputes; usually resulting in more rulemaking |
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| Congressional Dependence (on Bureaucracy) |
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Definition
1) Bureaucracies employ people with expertise in specific policy areas
2) Updating legislation via Congress can be arduous, bureaucracies have more flexibility in their responses
3) Easier to delegate difficult political decision to |
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Term
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Definition
In parliamentary systems (like Great Britain) ministers are drawn from parliament (the legislature) and are allowed to keep their parliamentary seats.
In presidential systems (like the United States) secretaries are generally NOT working politicians but businessperson, lawyers, and academics. |
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Iron-Triangle: a stable, mutually beneficial political relationship among a congressional committee, administrative agency, and organized interests concerned with a particular policy domain.
Narrowly focused sub-governments controlling policy domains out of sight or oversight of the full Congress, the president, and the public at large
Active players share concentrated benefits, whereas the broader public pays |
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Term
| Checks on Bureaucratic Power |
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Definition
| Congress, the President, Courts |
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