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| general, abstract mental constructs |
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| they are general, apply to many different subjects, they are abstract, they defy measurement |
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| Consistent, chronic distribution into an empirical measurement |
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| haphazard, chaotic distortion producing inconsistent readings |
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| inadvertently measures a subjects response to the knowledge that he or she is being studied |
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| 3 steps in defining a concept |
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| 1) the variation within a measureable characteristic 2) the subjects or groups to which the concept applies 3) how the characteristic is to be measured...ex) the concept of economic liberalism is defined as the extent to which individuals exhibit the characteristic of supporting government spending for social programs |
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| does it measure what you want and only what you want? |
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| Validity in terms of reliability |
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| all valid results are reliable, but not all reliable results are valid |
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| measuring related concepts |
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| does this look right at first glance |
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| three levels of measurement |
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| nominal, ordinal, interval/ratio |
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| least precise, conceptual diffs, eye color, gender, party affiliation, electoral district, socioeconomic status |
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| more precise than nominal, less precise than interval/ratio- values communicate relative diffs in magnitude or direction - likert scale (most favorable to least favorable) ODU student evals, political orientation, course grades |
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| most precise, intervals between values of the variable, have a measureable value, fixed zero value= height, age, income, distance, population |
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| 1) whats my dependant variable 2) what level is the dependant variable measured in? |
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| exclusive type of variable |
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| can take only one value *man or woman |
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| mutually exclusive type of variable |
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| every unit of analysis can receive a score |
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| any tool you use to measure a variable |
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| Process of drawing information from sampled observations of a population and making conclusions about the population. Inferential statistics have a two-prong approach. First, sampling must be conducted to be representative of the underlying population. Second, the procedures must be capable of drawing correct conclusions about the population |
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| what is doing the explaining? |
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| cause/effect is the same statement, I oppose abortion bc I am pro life. |
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| difference between an explanation and a hypothesis |
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| explanation is longer and conceptual there are multiple causes, a hypothesis has a single cause (IV) and you can measure the variables |
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| 1) fails to state relationship (NO IV) 2) Fails to make an explicit comparison (needs to use the word than) 3) Fails to state the tendency of relationship (more/less, greator) 4) too vague |
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| the reasons in the explanation |
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| same dependant variable but diff IV |
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| 3 types of research design |
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| 1) true experiment (you control who gets the IV; hard to conduct) 2)Natural Experimentation (Nature applies the experimental stimulus; usually what we do) 3) Controlled comparisions (they do not vary on the rival hypothesis) |
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| big to small (arizona example)if one made a generalization about an entire group based only on a few members of that group, then one would be making a ecological fallacy |
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| the first half and second half should be equal |
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| central number to capture the typical value |
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| mean ( as central tendency) |
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| the sum of the values of all observations, divided by the number of observations - can be measured by mean median and mode |
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| the middle jeez ur up the creek if you dont know that! |
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| WHAT TO USE WITH INTERVAL/ORDINAL |
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| Mean, Median and MODDDEEEEEEE |
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| no variation in example, ie everyone is 21 |
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| maximum possible spread (of open legs hell ya baby lol) |
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| Distribution of variable about the mean |
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| 1) Positive or 'right' mean is above the median, graphically to the right 2) Negative or 'left' mean is below the median *MEDIAN is resistant to skewness |
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| BARS TOUCH!!!!! *dont ever let em touch dood |
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| the clue from earnest abt the ? no one gets right |
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| The MEDIAN doesnt move, the MEAN does and for a skew to the RIGHT the MEDIAN will be to the LEFT. A skew to the LEFT means the MEDIAN will be to the right |
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| Type of graph depends on measurement |
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| Tables: frequency, percentage, or ratio's/nominal Graphs: Bar, Pic, 3-d... tables use #'s graphs dont |
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| used for ordinal measurement, they record that category and all previous categories |
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| A testable statement about an empirical relationship between cause and effect |
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| IV's are columns (Up and Down) DV's are rows (left and right ) |
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| Use a different way to ask the same question |
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| The mean of the sample means is normally distributed, follows the bell shaped curve. |
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| The mean of the sample means is normally distributed, follows the bell shaped curve. |
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