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| Worked on inheritance of coat colour in horses. Constructed the first map of a chromosome in 1913 as part of his PhD thesis. Explained recombination in his thesis paper. |
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| A measure of the proportion of the genome shared by two relatives. |
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| Alternate forms of a gene. When two alleles are different, one is expressed and the other is masked. |
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| The cattle must be black in colour. Angus was one of the first breeds in North America, and there are black bulls in most breeds because of this. Angus cattle are not usually allowed to breed with other colours, to preserve the black colour. Certified Angus beef is more popular. |
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| Prof. Robinson's baby donkey. White with spots. |
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| Artificial insemination (AI) |
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Definition
| About 90% of dairy cattle are conceived from AI, using shipped bull semen. |
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| Selection where humans decide selection. Goal oriented for appearance, use, productivity, satisfaction, or whimsy. |
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Definition
| Two or more loci on the same autosome. If the loci are far apart, recombination may occur between them. If the individual is homozygous on one of the loci, the linkage is undetectable. It affects gametic output only in double heterozygotes. If c < 0.5, there is linkage. Linkage is coupling or repulsion. |
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Angus x Hereford cross
Black cattle with white faces. |
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E_ B_
These dogs tend to be more calm than chocolate labs. |
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Billy
A male goat, camelid, or rabbit. |
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| A male cattle or giraffe. |
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| The recombination rate between loci. Its maximum value is 0.5. |
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| A neutered male chicken. The surgery to neuter a cock is complex, since gonads are found within the body cavity. |
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| The mother of Prof. Robinson's dog Jiggs. A yellow lab with a black nose. Genotype is probably eeBB. |
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| If you collect enough data, it will have normal distribution. |
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| Had a bottle neck where the population was decimated about 10 - 15 thousand years ago. |
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Definition
| Decides if the results meet the hypothesis for expression of phenotypes. If the value is below that from a table of values, then the hypothesis can be accepted. Sensitive to rounding. |
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| A dog breed which is small and bred for appearance. |
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E_ bb
Prof. Robinson's favourite type of lab! These dogs tend to be more energetic than black labs. They are known for their habit of eating feces. |
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Definition
| A male chicken (also called a rooster or cockerel), ostrich, or ratite. |
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Definition
Heterozygotes have an intermediate phenotype of both parental phenotypes. PRoduces a 1:2:1 ratio. Examples: roan colour in animals.
Fitness of AA is 1. Fitness of Aa is (1 - 0.5s). Fitness of aa is (1 - 2). |
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Definition
| Relatives with common ancestors. Includes nephews/nieces, brothers/sisters, uncles/aunts, and cousins. |
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Definition
| A young male horse below the age of two years. |
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Definition
| p and q are calculated by counting the number of alleles. Effective, but annoying. |
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Definition
AB // ab
A form of autosomal linkage. There are more AB and ab gametes than Ab and aB gametes. Dominant alleles have stronger affinity. d is positive. |
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Definition
| A female cattle or giraffe. |
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Definition
| The coefficient of linkage disequilibrium. |
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Definition
| A movie where three men go on a canoe trip and find a town that has a lot of inbreeding. |
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Term
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Definition
If any offspring with the recessive phenotype is produced, the organism in question is a carrier. Cross the organism in question with a homozygous recessive individual. If it is a carrier of the recessive allele, half the offspring are expected to display the recessive phenotype.
P(carrier) = 1 - (f(AA) + 0.75 f(Aa) + 0.5 f(aa))n
Where f(X) is the frequency of matings with that genotype, and n is the number of matins producing offspring with dominant phenotype offspring. |
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Term
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Definition
| Descendants or ancestors. Includes sons/daughters, fathers/mothers, grandfathers/grandmothers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Each generation is unique. Each generation becomes the parents of the next generation. Few species do this biologically. |
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Definition
| A female goat, camelid, or rabbit. |
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Definition
| Have differences in digestive systems compared to wolves; can tolarate more carbohydrates. Have a wide range of phenotypes. |
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Definition
| Transforamtion of an animal due to artificial selection. Increase in docility; this is linked to colour patterns in mammals such as spots. |
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Definition
| Heterozygotes resemble one parental phenotype. Produces a 1:3 ratio. |
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Term
| Effective population size (Ne) |
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Definition
| Can be surprisingly small when there is a skew in the number of males vs. females. |
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Definition
| Alleles at one locus affect the expression of alleles at a different locus. Affects independence and F2 ratios. Example: in cats, W_ masks all other colours of cat, making them white. |
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| The concepts of there being superior races. |
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| A young mare below the age of two years. |
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| An aspect of phenotype. Can take many forms. How much an individual reproduces. Humans can impose fitness by spaying/neutering animals. |
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Definition
| A group of sheep, goats, or poultry. |
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| A heifer calf that was a twin to a bull calf. It has sexual development problems, and is usually sterile. |
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Definition
| The animal from which cattle were domesticated. It took 3 - 4 thousand years to domesticate cattle. |
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Definition
| A neutered male horse or donkey. |
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Definition
| The most overworked word in genetics. It can mean a locus or an allele. |
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Definition
| The change in heterozygosity as a result of sampling individuals from the population rather than random mating for the entire population. |
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Definition
| Determining which polymorphism(s) are present in an organism. Restriction endonucleases cleave the DNA, and it is separated by electrophoresis to determine the genotype. |
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Definition
| A young sow, before her first litter. |
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| The father of Prof. Robinson's dog Jiggs. A black lab. Genotype is probably EE BB. |
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Term
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Definition
| Frequency of Aa. The maximum value is 0.5. |
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Term
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium |
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Definition
Postulated by Hard and Weinberg, an Englishand a German scientist, working in different countries in different languages on the same work separately. They came up with the same concept without communicating with each other. Occurs in large, randomly mating populations which lack migration, mutation and selection. Allele frequencies and genotypic frequencies remain constant. Genotype frequencies are determined by allele frequencies. Never exists in real life.
Large population, over 1000
Random mating
No migration
No mutation
No selection |
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| Harriet Creighton and Barbara McClintock |
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Definition
| Demonstrated cytogenetic and phenotypic evidence of linkage in corn in 1931. |
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Definition
| Chicks emerging from eggs. |
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Definition
| A young cow, before her first calf. |
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Definition
| A female chicken, ostrich, or ratite. |
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Definition
| A group of horses, cattle, pigs, goats, camelids, deer, or elk. |
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Definition
| Have white faces, which is a dominant trait. Came from Guelph. There used to be horned Herefords, but modern Herefords are mostly pulled. |
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Definition
| From Scotland. A small and hardy breed, well adapted for living outdoors. Have horns used to defend themselves. |
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Definition
| About 100 cM long, about 100,000,000 bp long. |
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Definition
| Certain types of trees gradually changed habitats with climate change, bringing Carolinian forests into Canada. |
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Definition
| Increased probability of homozygosity at a locus because some ancestors are related. Ancestors were related and knew it. |
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Definition
| Increased probability of homozygosity at a locus because the individual is from a small population with inbreeding. Ancestors were probably related, due to geographic isolation. |
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| Occurs when a population is small. Individuals with common ancestors; may have several. Each common ancestor contributes a separate probability that the alleles in a locus are copies of the same ancestral allele. Increases homozygosity. Includes identity by descent and by state. Used to create breeds of animals; many animal breeds come from specific regions and are inbred to make them uniform. |
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| Inbreeding coefficient (F) |
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Definition
| The proportion of loci in an individual, or the proportion of individuals in a population, that have both alleles identical by descent or by state. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduced phenotype in inbred individuals. Due to high levels of homozygosity. To avoid inbreeding deprssion, Ne must be greater than 50. |
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Term
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Definition
When the heterozygote phenotype is closer to one of the homozygote phenotypes.
Selection for AA.
Fitness of AA is 1. Fitness of Aa is (1 - s1). Fitness of aa is (1 - s2). |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Jennet
A female donkey or mule. Mule jennies are sterile, but can carry a horse, donkey, or mule foal to term if an embryo is implanted. |
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Definition
| Prof. Robinson's dog. A female black lab. In the photograph from lecture, she is holding a DNA shaped chew toy. She came from an all-black litter. Genotype is probably Ee BB. |
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| Law of independent assortment |
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Definition
| Alleles controlling separate traits segregate independently. |
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Term
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Definition
| Allelic pairs segregate during gametic formation and the third paired condition is restored by random fusion of gametes at fertilization. |
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Definition
| A genotype which is lethal to the organism early on. Produces a 1:2 ratio, if the organism dies before birth. The aa has a fitness of zero; no aa individuals survive. Example: white colour locus on horses. |
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Definition
| Two or more loci are on the same chromosome. Affects independence and F2 ratios. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ratio of gametes decreases or increases until they reach equilibrium. For coupling, AB and ab decrease and Ab and aB increase. For repulsion, AB and ab increase, and Ab and aB decrease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Have many offspring at once. Includes cats, dogs, and pigs. Each individual offsprign counts as one observation, or mating. |
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Term
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Definition
| Many domestic mammals are prey species which had to avoid colour-blind predators; they benefitted from being dull in colour. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Produces fur pigment, but in cats it is also involved in electrical transmission from the ear to the brain. Defective melanocytes from a mutation can lead to white cats with blue eyes, which are deaf. |
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Definition
| Produces pigment in fur. Also related to melanin, a sleep-related hromone. This is why black labs are more calm than chocolate labs; they have a different type of melatonin and melanin. |
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Definition
| Genetics up until the 1900s. Two homozygotes are crossed, and the heterozygote F1 generation produces a classic 1:2:1 ratio of genotypes when self-crossed. |
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Definition
| The movement of alleles from one population to another. May be movement of gametes or individuals. Proportion of alleles in the new population depends on the immigration rate and allele frequencies of the populations. |
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Term
| Minimum improvable population |
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Definition
| N must be greater than 500 to be able to improve a population with breeding. |
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Term
| Minimum viable population |
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Definition
| N must be greater than 12 to avoid having inbreeding in a population. |
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Term
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Definition
| A function of natural selection. Alters allele frequencies at a low rate; a slow process. Most mutations do not result in viable organisms. |
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Definition
| Selection where the environment "decides" selection. Individuals adapt to the environment or perish. Evolution occurs through subtle pressures. Bottlenecks arise through moderate pressures. Extinction occurs from massive pressures. |
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Definition
| A breed of dog which Prof. Robinson used to breed. |
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Definition
Selection for Aa.
Keeps both allelse. Fitness of AA is (1 - s1). Fitness of Aa is 1. Fitness of aa is (1 - s2). |
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Definition
Plural: oxen
A neutered male cattle, neutered later in life. Used as draft animals due to their large size and weight. More difficult to train and control than a horse. |
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Definition
Frequency of A
p = P + 0.5H |
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Definition
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| In 1995, they used marker assisted selection to remove a recessive allele which caused lactic acid build up in meat during distress; the meat would dissolve into a fluid. The University of Toronto had the royalties for the test, even though many University of Guelph people worked on it. The program only lasted a few generations because the allele was quickly bred out of pigs in Ontario. |
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Definition
| One locus affects two or more traits. Example: the locus for coat colour in cats also affects deafness. Affects independence and F2 ratios. |
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Term
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Definition
| The difference in the sequence of DNA between two alleles. Example: a single nucleotide polymorphism was found which differentiated Meishand and Large White pigs. |
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Term
| Proportional rate of inbreeding (ΔF) |
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Definition
| The rate of inbreeding per generation. The proportionate rate of increase in homozygosity. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Frequency of a
q = Q + 0.5H |
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Definition
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Definition
| An important skill for molecular geneticists. Traditionally based on population genetics. |
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Definition
| A trait with continuous phenotype. There is variability. Many genes all interacting. There are too many interactions to study them. |
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Definition
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Definition
The frequency of AB gametes.
f(AB) = f(A) x f(B) |
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Definition
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Definition
| One of the requirements for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Allele frequencies do not change. Often it is not realistic. |
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Definition
| Have alleles in common, and tend to be more similar than two random individuals from a population. |
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Definition
Ab / aB
A form of autosomal linkage. There are more Ab and aB gametes than AB and ab gametes. Dominant or recessive alleles have stronger affinity. d is negative. |
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Term
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Definition
| Add the chances of events occurring in different orders. |
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Term
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Definition
| Multiply chances of events to get the chance that both events will happen. |
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Term
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Definition
The frequency of Ab gametes.
f(Ab) = f(A) x f(b) |
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Term
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Definition
| Some species naturally have discrete generations. They spawn and then die. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process that determines which individuals become parents of the next generation. Individuals differ in variability and fertility, and produce different numbers of offspring, based on fitness, adaptive value, and selective value. Anything which influences the number of offspring generated by individuals. Defines successful individuals in a population. Reduces genetic variation. Includes natural and artificial selection. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
XX = female
XY = male
The ratio of males and females will always reach equilibrium at 0.5. |
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Term
| Sex linked colour in chickens |
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Definition
| Chickens must be sorted by sex. The chicks are visually checked. A genetic method would be easier, but never caught on. S is the dominant allele and produces silver down feathered chickens. g is recessive and produces gold down feathered chickens. An S_ silver hen is crossed with a gg gold cock. All female offpsirng are g_ gold, and all male offspring are Sg silver. |
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Definition
| Rarely have twins. Includes humans, cattle, and donkeys. |
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Definition
| First to explore relatedness, degrees of similarity by relatedness. Promoter of eugenics. Published a book looking at the inheritance of intelligence. Coined the phrase "nature vs. nurture". |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| A neutered male cattle, neutered early in life. |
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Definition
The frequency of aB gametes.
f(aB) = f(a) x f(B) |
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Term
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Definition
A method of calculating the inbreeding coefficient
1. Establish birth order
2. Make a table
3. Write parents above
4. Put a 1 in diagonal cells and additive relationship in base generation.
5. Diagonal entires are 1/2 entries in the row corresponding to the column of the first parent + 1/2 entry in row corresponding with the second parent.
6. Finish all the rows |
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Definition
| Cross a dominant phenotype individual with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the genotype. |
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Definition
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Definition
The frequency of ab gametes.
f(ab) = f(a) x f(b)
Also, the migration rate for males. |
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Definition
| The migration rate for females. |
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Definition
| The migration rate for females. |
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Definition
| A young pig after weaning. |
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Definition
| A neutered male sheep or goat. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Most mutant alleles are recessive, but can persevere in a population if the heterozygote has a fitness level at or above the wild type. |
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Definition
| Hung out around human garbage piles, and eventually became familiar with humans. Were domesticated into dogs. Humans fed the wolves, and the wolves protected humans. |
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Definition
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Definition
ee _ _
If the dog has a black nose, it is ee B_. If the dog has a liver nose, it is ee bb. |
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