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| procedure involving a volume of reagent reacting with analyte. |
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| the exact amount of titrant has been added |
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| the amount of titrant actually added |
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| an estimation for titration error by using no analyte |
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| the combo of a weighed reagent in a known volume of solution making the titrant. should be 99% pure, should not decompose, should be stable when dried. |
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| the concentration of analyte is known but not the titrant |
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| titrant added until a rxn is complete |
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| a 2nd titration after a direct titration to determine the excess. |
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| error that arises form the method or equipment |
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| always present and cannot be corrected. arises from different interpretations. |
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| precipitation, redox, complexometric, acid-base |
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| (margin of error/measurement) x 100 |
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| signal detection limit equation |
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| SDL= (avg blank)+ 3(sd of readings) |
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| concentration from signals |
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| (avg sample - avg blank)/ slope |
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| (irradiance of light leaving a sample 'P')/(irradiance of light entering a sample 'P0') |
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| Absorbance = (Epsilon)(b (path length))(concentration) |
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| molar absorptivity and is dimensionless. |
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| molecule responsible for light absorption |
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| emission of light from an excited molecule |
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concentration dependent equilibrium.
very high concentrations of solute can act as a solvent. |
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| indicates that only two species are present. |
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| Charged species are more soluble in ----- than ---- |
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| Narrow columns provide ------ resolution than wider columns and require ----- operating pressure and have ------ sample capacity. |
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| high boiling point generally means ------- retention time |
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| high polarity generally means ------ retention time. |
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| (plank's constant)(frequency) or ((h)(c))/lambda |
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| what is the HCL light source and why are they used? |
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| Ne or Ar gas fills the lamp and a cathode of the same element being analyzed is used. They are needed for lines less than 0.01nm. |
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| visible light exists in ------ wavelength |
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| deterium for ----- spectrum tungsten for ----- spectrum |
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| Cs added to FAAS because---- |
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| it has a low energy of ionization which prevents analyte from ionizing. |
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| capacity or retention factor |
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| There are a finite number of reactions occurring in a system. Each reaction can be said to be occurring on a plate. |
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| (column length)=(plate height)(# of reactions) |
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| theory that states that there is an infinite number of reactions. Uses the van Deemter equation. |
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| Reversed-phase chromatography |
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| stationary phase is non-polar |
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| Resolution increases with..... |
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| the change in retention time of the mobile and stationary phase |
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| Increasing the thickness of the stationary phase ------ retention time |
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| which detector can deliver a complete spectrum without scanning |
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| [H+]= (if you started with a Kb) |
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| Kw= (think multiplication & diprotic) |
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| positive and on the right side of the line notation expression |
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| negative and on the left side of the line notation expression |
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E=Eo - (RT/neF) log ([B]^nb/[A]^na)
(A is reduced species, B is unreduced species) |
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| combines glass and reference electrodes. |
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| Total ionic strength adjustment buffer |
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an algebraic statement of electroneutrality.
Put all positive species and all negative species on opposite sides and put a coefficient equal to the absolute value of the specie's charge in front. |
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| a statement of the conservation of matter. H2, e- and H2O can be added to balance them. |
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| 1/2(sum of all (concentration x |charge| ^2)) |
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| log y = (-o.51z^2(pi^.5))/(1+(a(pi^.5)/305)) |
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| negative log of Hydrogen ion activity |
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| ([product]^coefficient)([product]^coefficient) |
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| E = Eo - (0.05916/ne) log([B]^nb/[A]^na) |
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| double junction electrodes |
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| are used to minimize contact between analyte and KCl in the electrode. |
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| ideal change in mV per pH change |
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| activity coefficients can be ignored |
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| when solutions are dilute, the ionic interactions are minimal. |
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| Kw= (think multiplication) |
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| fraction of dissociation (alpha) = |
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| [H2A]or[HA-]or{A2-]= (think di protic) |
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| [H+]^2 or (k1[H+]) or K1K2 / ([H+]^2+[H+]K1+K1K2) |
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| Concentration of a solid = |
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| Potassium hydrogen phthalate |
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| A formal report has (minus title page) |
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-abstract
-into
-experimental
-data, calc, results
-discussion & conclusion
-references |
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