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Pyschology Test #2-gabby
Chapters 2 and 6
45
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/12/2009

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Cards

Term
Glial Cells
Definition
structural support for neurons
Term
Functions of Glial Cells
Definition

 

  • insulate neurons
  • help supply nutrients to neurons
  • help remove waste material from neurons
  • also involved in neural communicatio

 

Term
Neurons
Definition
a nerve cell; the basic building block of nervous system
Term
Sensory Neurons
Definition
receives signals from outside the nervous system
Term
Motor Neuron
Definition
carries information from nervous system to muscles and glands
Term
Interneuron
Definition
communicate only with other neurons (human brain consists mostly of interneurons)
Term
Dendrites
Definition
receive messages from other cells
Term
Cell Body (soma)
Definition
the cell's life support system
Term
Axons
Definition
transmit messages away from cell body to other neurons, muscles or glands
Term
Myelin Sheath
Definition

 

  • fatty tissue encasing the fibers of many neurons.  
  • speeds up transmission of neural signal 
  • Loss of myelin can result in Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

 

Term
Ions
Definition
charged particles
Term
At rest, which side of the axon (inside or outside) is more positive?
Definition
The outside is positive at rest (no signal)
Term
Action Potentials
Definition

 

  • a brief reversal in an axon's electrical charge
  • outside becomes negative and inside becomes positive
  • this is the neural message
  • travels down axon 

 

Term
What is the fastest speed at which the human action potential travels?
Definition
about 200 miles per hour
Term
Refractory Period
Definition

 

  • brief period (1-2 milliseconds) after an action potential, during which another action potential can NOT occur
  • prevents action potential from going toward the cell body
  • limits action potential to 1000 per second

 

Term
All-or-None Transmission
Definition

 

  • either the axon fires or it does not (action potential or no action potential)
  • no big action potentials or small action potential (all the same size)
  • message is the number of firings per second
  • speed is how fast they go

 

Term
How are action potentials started (summing of inhibitory and excitatory signals)?
Definition
inhibitory signals decrease the likelihood of an action potential.  excitatory signals increase the likelihood of action potentials.
Term
What is a threshold?
Definition
level of excitation necessary to start an action potential
Term
Neurotransmitters
Definition
chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic cleft between neurons (brain messages)
Term
Agonist
Definition
a chemical that facilitates that action of a neurotransmitter (increase)
Term
Antagonist
Definition
a chemical that blocks or inhibits the effect of a neurotransmitter (decrease)
Term
Synapse
Definition
the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
Term
Receptor
Definition
protein molecule on the dendrite or cell body of a neuron that will interact only with specific neurotransmitters
Term
Synaptic Vesicles
Definition
small sacs that store neurotransmitters
Term
Reuptake
Definition
neurotransmitter is transported back to the sending neuron for recycling
Term
How are acetylcholine and voluntary muscles related?
Definition
Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter between motor neurons and skeletal muscles.  skeletal muscles require voluntary muscles for movement.  involved in attention, arousal, and memory.
Term
Curare
Definition
blocks receptor sites.
Term
Acetylcholine and Alzheimer's Disease?
Definition
Acetylcholine neurons die off in Alzheimer's Disease.
Term
corpus callosum
Definition
bond of tissue between the two hemispheres binding them together
Term
occipital lobe
Definition
primary visual cortex located at the back of the head
Term
parietal lobe
Definition
sensory cortex located in the front part of the brain
Term
frontal lobe
Definition
motor cortex that initiates movement (broca's area)
Term
temporal lobe
Definition
primary auditory cortex processes high levels of hearing (wernicke's area)
Term
wernicke's apheasa
Definition
the person can articulate speech but they have poor comprehension of their words
Term
split-brain apperation
Definition
the 2 hemispheres are isolated by cutting their connecting fibers (corpus callosum) done on epileptics said to stop the bouncing between hemispheres which stopped the seizures. this operation showed what we see on the left goes to the right hemisphere and what we ee on the right goes to our left hemisphere.
Term
left hemisphere
Definition
language functioning, logic (math),
Term
right hemisphere
Definition
subtitles of language, solving word problems involving insight, spatial, music, visual
Term
condusion
Definition
there are better ways to describe ability and personality than from hemispherical differences
Term
Phineas Gage
Definition
a bar of iron entered under the left cheek bone and exited through the top of the head. he was immediately able to sit up and speak. he recovered but he personality was altere. his mental abilities and memories were fine.
Term
H.M's surgery
Definition
anonymous memory impaired man with one of the worst cases of amnesia. he had surgery that was supposed to help his epilepsy.Tissue was removed from the anterior (front) tips of the temporal lobes on the medial (inner) surface of the brain.H. M. had been left with profound anterograde amnesia and partial retrograde amnesia. To this day, he has no memory of anything that has happened since he underwent surgery, and cannot acquire new factual knowledge about the world around him. showed where our memory is.
Term
neural networks
Definition
neurons clustered into work groups
Term
brain organization and handedness
Definition
the jist is that a major population of the world is right handed. about 90-10%. right-handers work from their left brains(typically bigger). lefty's from the right.
Term
endocrine system
Definition
the body's "slow" chemical communication system, a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
Term
hormones
Definition
chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues
Term
pituitary gland
Definition
the endocrine system's most influencial gland. under the influence of the hypothalamus the pituitary regulates growth and controls the other endocrine glands.
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