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| The process of reciving stimulus energies form the external environement and transforming those energies into neural energy |
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| The process of organizing and interpeting sensory infromation so that it has meaning |
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| The operation in sensation and perception in which sensory receptors register information about the external enviroment and send it up to the brain for interpretation. |
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| The operation in sensation and perception, launched by cognitive processing at the brain's higher levels, that allows the organishm to sense what is happneing and to apply tha framework to information from the world. |
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| Specialized cells that detect stimulus information and transmit it to sensory nerves and the brain. |
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| The minimum amount of stimulus energy that a person can detect. |
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| Irrelevant and competing stimuli-not only sounds but also any distracting stimuli for our senses. |
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| The degree of differene that must exist between two stimuli before the difference is dectected. |
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| The principal that two stimuli must differ by as constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) to be percieved as different. |
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| The detection of information below the level of consicious awareness. |
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| A theory of perception that focuses on decision making about stimuli in the presence of uncertainty. |
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| The process of focusing awareness on a narrowed aspect of the environement. |
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| The process of focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others |
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| A predispostion of readiness to percieve in a paticular way. |
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| A change in the responsiveness of the sensory system based on the average level of surrounding stimulation |
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| The multilayered light-sensitive surface in the eye that records electromagnetic energy and converts it to neural impulses for processing in the brain |
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| The recpetor cells in the retina that are sensitive to light but not very useful for color vision. |
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| The receptors cells in the retina that allow for color preception. |
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| The structure at the back of the eye, made up of axns of the ganglion cells, that carries visual information to the brain for further processing. |
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| Neurons in the brain's visual system that respond to particular features of a stimulus |
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| The simultaneous distribution of information across different neural pathways. |
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| In the sense of vision, the bringing together and intergration of what is processed by different neural pathways or cells. |
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| Theory stating that color perception is produced by three types of cone receptors in the retinea that are particularly sensitive to different, but overlapping, ranges of wavelengths. |
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| Theory stating that cells in the visual system respond to complementary pairs of red-green and blue-yellow colors; a given cell might be excited by yellow and inhibited by blue. |
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| Figure-Ground Relationship |
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| The principle by which we organize the perceptual field into stumuli that stand out(figure) and those that are left over(ground). |
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| A school of thought interested in how people naturally organize their perceptions according to certain patterns. |
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| The ability to percieve objects three-dimensionally. |
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| Depth cues that depend on the combination of the images in the left and right eyes and on the way the two eyes work together. |
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| A binocular cue to depth and distance in which the muscle movements in our two eyes provide information about how deep and/or far away something is. |
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| Powerful depth cues available from the image in one eye, either the right or the left. |
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| The perception that a stationary object is moving. |
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| The recoginition that objects are constant and unchanging even though sensory input about them is changing. |
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| The outermost part of the ear, consisting of the pinna and external auditory canal. |
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| The part of the ear that channels sound through the eardrum, hammer, anvil, and stirrup to the inner ear. |
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| The part of the ear that includes the oval window, cochlea, and basilar membrane and whose functions is to convert sound waves into neural impulses and send them to the brain. |
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| Theory on how the inner ear registers the frequency of sound, stating that each frequency produces vibrations at a paticular spot on the basilar membrane. |
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| Theory on how the innner ear registers the frequency of sound, stating that the preception of a sound's frequency depends on how often the auditory nerve fires. |
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| Modification of frequency theory stating that a cluster of nerve cells can fire neural impulses in a rapid succession, producing a volley of impulses. |
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| The nerve structure that recieves information about sound from the hair cells of the inner ear and carries these neural impulses to the brain's auditory areas. |
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| Sensory nerve endings under the skin that respond to changes in temperature at or near the skin and provide input to keep the body's tempurature at 98.6 F. |
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| The sensation that warns us of damage to our bodies. |
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| Rounded bumps above the tongue's surface that contain the taste buds, the receptors for taste. |
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| The lining the roof of the nasal cavity, containing a sheet of receptor cells for smell. |
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| Senses that provide information about movement, posture, and orientation. |
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| Sense that provides information about balance and movement. |
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| Three fluid-filled circular tubes in the inner ear containing the sensory receptors that detect head motion caused when we tilt or move our head and/or body. |
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