Term
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Definition
| an organized collection of beliefs about the self |
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Definition
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Term
| Self-concept shapes _____ __________ and is developed from ____ ____________ |
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Definition
| social perception, past expiriences |
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Term
| What does one's self concept include? |
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Definition
| personality trais, abilities, physical feature, values, goals and social roles, strengths and weaknesses |
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Term
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Definition
| one's conception about the kind of person one might become in the future (+ or -, delta) |
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Term
| beliefs about self are __________ and are most susceptible to _______________ |
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Definition
| fairly stable, change during life transisitions |
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Term
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Definition
| a mismatch between self perceptions that make up the actual self, ideal self and ought self |
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Term
| Three types of self-perception |
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Definition
1) actual : qualities you actual possess 2)ideal: charateristics you would like to have
3) ought: traits you believe you should have |
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Term
Actual self vs ideal self can lead to?
Ex? |
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Definition
| dejection, sadness, dissapointment (i.e. weight, eating disorders) |
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Term
| Actual self vs ough selve can lead to? Ex? |
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Definition
| agitation, irritability, anxiety, guilt; (stealing vs not wanting to, anxiety disorders) |
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Term
| self-discrpancies are affected by what factors? |
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Definition
| amout, awareness, and importance of discrepanct |
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Term
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Definition
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| ways to cope with discrepancies (bring acutal with ideal) |
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Definition
| change behavior, make ideal more realistic, BAD=blunt self awareness |
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Term
| Festinger came up with the ______ _________ _______ |
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Definition
| social comparison theory: we compare ourselves with other to assess their abilities/opinion, improve skills and maintain self-image |
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Term
| Reference group, upward comparision, downward comparision |
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Definition
o a set of people who are used as a gauge in making social comparisons.
• Can help facilitate goal pursuit
• Used to bolster self-esteem |
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Term
| Aspects of social comparison theory |
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Definition
| 1) reference group 2) feedback from others 3) social context 4) cultural values |
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Term
| what is the Michelangelo phenomenon? |
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Definition
| when someone close to you helps to sculpt one into ideal self |
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Term
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Definition
| your overall assessment of your worth as a person based on many aspects of the self |
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Definition
| ongoing sense of confidence people have regarding their abilities and charaterstics |
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Term
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Definition
| dynamic and changeable, refeering to how you feel about yourself in the moment |
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Definition
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Definition
| dynamic and changeable, refeering to how you feel about yourself in the moment |
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Term
| Sociometer Theory emphasizes what? |
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Definition
| The subjective nature of self-esteem in regards to one's perception of success and popularity |
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Term
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Definition
| regarding oneself as grandiosely self-important, feel they deserve special treatment |
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Term
| what are two elements crucial in development of self-esteem? |
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Definition
| parental acceptance and parental control |
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Term
| 4 types of parenting styles |
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Definition
1) authoritatvie (^ cn ^ ac)
2) authoritarain (^ cn low ac)
3) permissive (low cn ^ ac)
4) neglectful (low cn low ac) |
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Term
-
- African-American ↑ White individuals
- White individuals ↑ Asian, Hispanic, Native Americans (but small diffs)
- White males ↑ than white females, but
- Minority males ↓ than minority females
- Males ↑ than females, and
- white females ↓ minority females
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Definition
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Term
| 4 types of parenting styles |
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Definition
1) authoritatvie (^ cn ^ ac)
2) authoritarain (^ cn low ac)
3) permissive (low cn ^ ac)
4) neglectful (low cn low ac) |
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Term
| Three elements of cognitive processes |
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Definition
| autonomic processing: default/mindlessness, controlled processing: comprehension/mindfulness, selective attentions: cocktail party effect |
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Term
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Definition
| inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behavior |
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Term
| Key dimensions of attributions |
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Definition
| 1) internal vs external 2) stable vs unstable 3) controllable vs uncontrollable |
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Term
| examples of stable vs unstable |
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Definition
| SI-intelligence SE-laws/rules UI-mood/motivation UE-weather |
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Term
| Types of explanatory styles |
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Definition
| 1) optomistic 2) pessimistic |
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Term
| Motives guiding self understanding |
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Definition
| 1) assessment:feedback-->goals 2) verification: self-verification theory3) improvement: better selves 4) enhancement: + about self, illusions of control |
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Term
| Methods of self-enhancement |
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Definition
| 1) downward social comparision 2) self-serving bias: + me - them 3)basking in reflected glory: "my cuzzin is Shaq" 4) self-handicapping |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of directing and controling one's BR |
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Term
| according to the "ego-depletion model" |
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Definition
| people have alimited amount of self-control |
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Term
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Definition
| beliefs about what you can do |
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Term
| how can self-efficacy be developed? |
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Definition
| 1) mastery 2) vicarious 3) persuasion/encouragement 4) interpretation of emtional arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| seemingly intentional actions that thward a person's self-interest |
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Term
| Types of self-defeating behavior |
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Definition
| 1) deliberate self-destruction 2) trade offs 3) counterproductuve strategies |
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Term
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Definition
| an image presented to others in social interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| we think people think about us and evaluate use more than they actually do |
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Term
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Definition
| usually conscious effors by people to influence how others think of them |
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Term
| What are some ways that people claim an identity and gain liking/approval from others? |
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Definition
| 1) ingratiation:be likable 2) self-promotion 3) exemplification: do really nice things 4) negative acknowledgment 5) intimidation 6) supplication: presenting oneself as weak |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which people attend to and control the impressions they make on others |
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Term
| source in information of perceptions? |
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Definition
| 1) appearance 2) verbal behavior 3) actions 4) nonverbal messages 5) situations |
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Term
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Definition
| inference that people draw abotut he causes of their own/other's behavior and events; made when people act diff/weird |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to seek info that support's one's belief while not pursuing dis-confirming info (double standard) |
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Term
| self-fulfilling prophecies |
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Definition
| occurs when expectations about a person cause the person to behave in ways that confirm the expectations |
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Term
| why do stereoypes persist? |
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Definition
| simplicity, confirmation bias, self-fulfilling prophecy |
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Term
| fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| tendency to explain other's behavior as the result of person, rather than situational factors |
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Term
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Definition
| tendencey to blame victums for their misfortune to make use feel safer |
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Term
| key themes in person perception |
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Definition
| efficiency: no more than neccessary selectivity: we see what we expect to see consistency: people find comfort (primary effect=first impressions) |
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Term
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Definition
| negative attitude toward members of a group |
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Term
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Definition
| behaving differently, usually unfairly, towards the members of a group |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of prejudice specific to race |
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Term
| "old fashioned" vs modern discrimination |
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Definition
| OF-overt MD- private harbored negativa attitudes, expressed when justified or safe |
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Term
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Definition
| o Brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults toward people of color |
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Term
| when is obedience strongest? |
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Definition
| demands increase gradually, pther take responsibility for your actions, we are motivated to meet the authority figure's expectations |
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Term
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Definition
| states that once people agree to soemthing, they will tend to stick with it (footNdoor, lowball) |
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Term
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Definition
| technique of consistency princple when you get people to agree to something small and then increase it |
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Term
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Definition
| technique in consistency technique that makes something attractive before showing hidden costs |
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Term
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Definition
| exploits the tendency for people to think that they should pay back in kind what they receive from others (door in face) |
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Term
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Definition
| involves making a large request than going back down to smaller request |
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Term
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Definition
| if people believe that something is scarce, it must be good an they are more likely to buy it (reactance) |
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Term
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Definition
| when something seems limited, people want it more (time is running out, limited supply) |
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Term
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Definition
| process of sending and recieivng message that have meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| interaction process win which a apresons sends a message to some else; interactional process |
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Term
| components of communication process |
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Definition
| sender, reciever, message, channel |
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Term
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Definition
| any stimulous that interferes with accuratley expressing or understanding a message (enviro, psych-defensiveness, semnatic-profanity, bad lingo) |
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Term
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Definition
| the environment in which comm takes place |
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Term
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Definition
§ Environment (location, time of day, noise level)
§ Method(face-to-face, phone, internet)
§ Method-(friends, family, colleague)
§ History (previous interactions)
§ Mood (happy/stressed)
Cultural Background (may have diff rules of communication |
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Term
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Definition
| the environment in which comm takes place |
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Term
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Definition
| transmission of meaning through means or symbols other than works |
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Term
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Definition
§ Interpersonal distance
§ Facial expression
§ Eye contact
§ Body posture & movement
§ Gestures
§ Physical Touch
§ Tone of Voice
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Term
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Definition
| transmission of meaning through means or symbols other than works |
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Term
| general principle of nonverbal comm |
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Definition
- convey info w/o words
- multichanneled
- abiguous (hard to interpret)
- contradictory
- culture-bond
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Term
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Definition
| transmission of meaning through means or symbols other than works |
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Term
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Definition
| personal space, facial expression, eye contact, paralanguage,body language, touch |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of people's use of personal space (zone of space around a person that is fel to 'belong' to that person) |
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Term
| factors influcing want of personal space |
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Definition
| culture/social nroms, status of involved parties, how well you know them |
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Term
| studies show that ____,___,___,___,___, and _____ are recongized world wide |
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Definition
| anger, happiness, suprise, fear, sadness, digust |
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Term
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Definition
| rules that govern emotional expression/appropiate displat of emotions |
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Term
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Definition
| study of communication through body movements (open vs closed) |
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Term
| interpretation of touch influenced by? |
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Definition
| age/gender person, setting, relationships btwn persons |
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Term
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Definition
| how somehting is said vs what is said (emphasis, speech variation) |
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Term
| Liars say ______,are more ________ and make a more _____ impression |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to accurately encode (express) and decode (understand) nonverbal cues |
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Term
| facts about nonverbal sensitivity |
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Definition
| women + (social), associated with better adjustment/academic/social/relationships, can be improved |
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Term
| how can you create a positive interpersonal climate? |
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Definition
| 1) empathy 2) no judgement 3) honesty 4) approach as equals 5) express opinions tentatively |
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Term
| step for sucessful small talk |
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Definition
| 1) indicate you are open to conversation by commenting on your surrounds 2) intro sled 3) pick good topic 4) keep convo going 5) make smooth exit |
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Term
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Definition
| the act of sharing info about yourself with another person; imp to adjustment because: 1) sharing problem with other=good mental health 2) leads to feeling of closeness 3) relationships satisfaction |
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Term
| How can you reduce the risk of disclosure |
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Definition
| 1)for more intimacy, disclose gradually 2) look for reciprocala disclosure 3) dont do more than the other 4) watch for nonverbal stops 5) bware of electronic |
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Term
| how can you be an effective listener |
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Definition
| 1) show interest 2) hear b4 talk 3) active listen (clarification/paraphrase/NO AVICE) 4) nonverbals |
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Term
| communication apprehension |
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Definition
| anxiety caused by having to talk to others: Avoidance, w.drawal, disruption, over communications |
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Term
| barriers to effect communication |
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Definition
| 1) defensive 2) motivational distortion (hear what you want to hear) 3) self-preoccupation (self-serving, all talking) 4) game playing (manipulate) |
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Term
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Definition
- puesdoconflict-false conflict from game playing used to draw a person in
- fact-based; Ex. "What time were we supposed to leave"
- policy conflict- how to handle situation
- value-based-opposing beliefs
- ego-based-winning vs resolving issues
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Term
| styles of managing conflict |
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Definition
| 1) avoidance (low self/others) 2) accommodating (low self/high others) 3) competing (high self/low others)4) compromising (moderate self/others) 5)collab (high self/others) |
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Term
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Definition
| involves acting in your own best interest by expressing your thoughts and feeling directly and honestly |
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Term
| Steps in assertiveness training |
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Definition
| 1) learn what assertive is 2) monitor behavior 3) observe someone 4) practice (RP/imagine/shaping) 5) adopt assertiveness |
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Term
| Why should you want to have interpersonal effectiveness? |
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Definition
| 1) reaching goals/objs 2) getting/keeping relationship 3) keeping/improving self respect |
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Term
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Definition
| D.E.A.R. M.A.N. (OBJ) G.I.V.E. (RELATION) F.A.S.T. (SELF) |
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Term
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Definition
D-describe whats bothering you
E-express feelings
A-assertiveness in saying what is wrong
R-reinforce (with pros/cons) |
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Term
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Definition
M- maintain position
A-appear confident
N- negotiate |
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Definition
G- be gentle
I-show interest/active listen
V- validate
E-easy manner (humor, etc) |
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Definition
F-fair to everyone
A- apologies in moderation
S- stick to values
T- truth |
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Term
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Definition
| D.E.A.R. M.A.N. (OBJ) G.I.V.E. (RELATION) F.A.S.T. (SELF) |
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Term
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Definition
| consicious and intentional actions or slurs (nigga! swastika) |
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Term
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Definition
| communication that subtly convey rueness and insensitivity and demean a person's reacial heritage/identity |
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Term
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Definition
| communications that subtly exclude/negate/nullify thoughts feelings or realtiy of person of color |
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Term
| authoriation personality type |
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Definition
| personality type charaterized by prejusticee toward any group percieved as different |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| involved the communication of arguments and info itneded to change another's attitudes |
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Term
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Definition
| beliefs and feeling about people, events, ideas |
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Term
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Definition
| feelings about people, events ideas |
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Term
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Definition
| how strongly we feel about something (+ or -) |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to seek out and enjoy effotful thought, problem solving activities, and in-depth analysis |
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Term
| Elaboration Likelihood Model |
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Definition
| a persons thoughts bout a persuasive message (rather than it) determine wether attitude will change |
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Term
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Definition
| people conform to social norms for fear of negative social consequences |
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Term
| Informational influence – |
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Definition
| when people look to others for how to behave |
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