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| that with the more advances, people are less happy |
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| 4 reasons for the Parodox of Progress |
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Time- too little
Money/Materilsm- too much
Choices-too many=confusion
Technology-bad effects |
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| Problems with most self-help books |
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| 1) too vague/psychobabble 2) lack of scientific research 3) no clear directions 4) encourage self-centered approach to life |
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| Things to look for in self help books |
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| 1)clear communication 2)creditials of author 3) no great promises/realistic 4) focus on particular problem areas 5) explicit directions for behavior change |
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| scientific study of behavior and the physiological and mental processes that underlie it |
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| psychologial processes through which peopel manage or cope witht he demands and challenges of everyday life |
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| the belief that knowledge should be gathered through observation and not just common thought |
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| Major advantages to scientific approach |
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| 1) clarity and precision (exact hypothesis) 2)relative intorence of error (testing, peer review) |
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| Precise control allows cause and effect conclusions to be drawn |
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| disadvantage of experiments |
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| some variable of interest can't ethically be meauresed/manipulated |
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| when two variables are related |
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| a measure used to determine the strength( -1~0 or 1~0 closer to [1]=better) and direction (+ ^^ or - /\|\/ ) of the relationships btwn 2 variables |
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| Methods of finding correlations |
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| naturalistic observation; case studies; surveys |
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| Advantages of correlations research |
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| 1) allows to explore variable not okay for experiment 2) allows investigaion of broader array of things that experiments |
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| Disavantages of Correlation Research |
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| 1) cant determine cause and effect, how things are related 2) could be x-->y or visa versa or 3rd variables z-->x/y |
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| 6 things that DONT make people happy |
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Definition
| age, money, gender, parenthood, intelligence, physical attractiveness |
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| 3 things that make people SOMEWHAT happy |
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Definition
| health, social activity, religion |
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| 3 things that MAKE PEOPLE HAPPY |
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| marriage/love, work satisfaction, genetics/personality |
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| Happiness is __________ to _________ and _________ |
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| relative; what others around us have; to our expectations |
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| t/F people know what makes them happy |
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| Subjective/Objective happiness more important |
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| People adapt to circumstances by _________ _________; Shift in mental scale used to judge pleasantness-unpleasantness of experiences so baseline is changed |
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| a person's unique and consistent behavioral trais |
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| a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations |
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| used to look for higher order traits (main traits) by looking at correlations among variables to identify closely related clusters of variables |
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| BIG FIVE (mccrae an costa) |
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| 1)extraversion 2) openness to experience 3) agreeableness 4) neuroticism 5) conscientiousness |
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| Frued responsible for __________ __________ |
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Definition
| psychodynamic perpsectives |
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| 3 main assumptions of Freud |
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| 1) childhood expiriences impt in developments 2)uncounsiousness 3) children coping with sexual urges |
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| Id-______________; Ego-_______________; Super Ego_____________ |
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| "pleasure principle" primitive thinking/unconscious; "reality principle" societal norms/pre-conscious; morality right and wrong /all three |
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| Repression; Projection; Regression; Rationalization; Identification; Reaction formation; Displacement |
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| supress feelings; put your feelings onto someone else; act childish; come with with a plausable lie to justify; join son group/find an idol to identify with; do the opposite of what you feel; take out anger on someone else |
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| 1) oral 2) anal 3) phallic 4) latent 5) genital |
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| Jung's analytic psychology based on ____________; two layers ___________ and ____________ |
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| unconscious; personal unsconscious( info repressed or forgotten) an collective (traces of memories shared by all ppl, inherited from ancestors i.e. archetypes) |
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| Jung developed the personality dimensions of ___________ vs __________ |
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| introversion; extroversion |
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| Alder's main problem/difference with Freud's |
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| superiority based instead of sexual |
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| Alder stated that humans use ___________ |
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| compensation- efforts to overcome imaginged or real inferiorities by developing one's abilities |
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| exaggerated feelings of weakeness and indaquacy |
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| excessive compensation, ie flaunting, to cover up insecurity |
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| Problems with psychodynamic perspective |
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| 1) poor testability 2) inadequate evidence 3) sexism |
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| Watson-____________; Pavlov-________; Bandura-__________; Skinner-_______ |
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| Behaviorism; Classical conditioning; Observational; Operant conditioning |
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| emphasizes unique qualities of humans (free will and potential for personal growth) |
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| 1) innate drive towards personal growth 2) free will in actions 3) rationalness of human by consscious needs 4) subjective view of world importance |
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| Roger's person-centered theory |
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| Personality has one construct: self-concept (a person's believe about themself) |
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| incongruences vs congruence |
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| INCR: one's perception and actual self being different/ conditional love CR: accurate/ undconditional love |
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| Maslow's Theory of ____-___________ |
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| Self-Actualization; hierarchy of needs at top=S.A.the fulfillment of one's potential |
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| Advantages of Humanistic Perspective |
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| 1) recognition of importance of subjective expierience 2) made self-concept important 3) positive emphasis on human behavior |
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| Disadvantages of Humanistic Perspective |
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| 1) poor testablity 2) unrelaistic view of human nature; too perfect 3) inadequate evidence |
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| *personality=hiearchy of traits *biological differences btwn extraversion and introversion |
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| estimate of the proportaion of trait variability in a population determined by variations in genetic inheritance; personality = 50% |
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| Criticisms of Biological Perspectives |
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| (+) Research generally supports it (-) problems w/estimates of hereditary influence; hindsight bias; lack of adequate personality theory |
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| Mental and Personality; standardized with norms; reliable (consistent measures) and valid (accurate) |
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| circumstances that challenge/threaten or are percieved to do so and therefore tax one's coping mechanisms |
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| initial evaluation of relavance, threat level, and degree of stress an event brings; determines if event is stressful or not |
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| you ability to cope; determines HOW stressful something is; |
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| chronic enviromental conditions that can have detrimental effects |
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| how is stress influences by culture? |
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| Culture determines the types of the stress we have; cultural change= increase in moderazation and urbanization and shift in values and customs |
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| acute (short, intense) chronic (long endurance, no endpoint) |
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| 1) frustration 2) conflict 3) change 4) pressure |
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| three levels of stress responses |
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| emotional, physiological, behavioral |
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| Emotive responses to stress |
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| Emotions- anger, anxiety, sadness Positive - creativity, immunity; valuable social support, proactive coping |
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Definition
• for low complexity tasks, a high level of arousal is best;
• for medium complexity tasks, a medium level of arousal is best; and
• for high complexity tasks, a low level of arousal is best. |
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| physiological responses to stress |
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| Fight-or-flight; ANS (sympathetic ^^^/ Parasymp \/) |
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| Han Seyle's General Adaption Syndrome |
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| Alarm: initial response Response: body changes, coping begins Exhaustion: threat too long body exhausted |
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| hypothalamus activates sympathetic system; adrenal glands release catecholamines that mobilize the body for action |
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| hypothalamys signals pituitary glands to secret ACTH; adrenal cortex releases corticosteroids to increase energy |
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| coping efforts to master, reduce or tolerate stress |
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| potential effects of stress |
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| 1) impaired task performance 2) lower cognitive function 3) burnout |
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| Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
| re-expiriening trauma; emotional numbness; desocialization; elevated arousal/anxiety/guilt |
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| psychosomatic diseases-____________; pyschological disorers and problems-____________ |
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Definition
| hypertension, ulcers, asthma, hives, migrances; poor academics, insomia, sex disfxn, substance abuse |
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| things that may affect the impact of stress oh physical and mental health; social support, hardiness, optimiscm |
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| 5 common bad coping patterns |
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| 1) giving up (learned helplessness) 2) acting agressivelt 3) self-indulgence 4)self blame 5) defensive coping (defensive mechanism) |
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| 1) confront probles directly 2) realistic appraisals of stress/coping resources 3) learn to recognize and manage emotions 4) learn to control bad habits |
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| Three main type of constructive coping strategies |
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Definition
| 1) apprisal focused (acces situation) 2) problem (address problem) 3) emotive (emotions) |
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| Ellis explains how our appraisal is critical to coping process; catastrophic thinkinng-_____________ |
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| unrealiztic appraisals of stress that exaggerate magnitude of one's problems |
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| A ctivating event; B elief system; C onsequence |
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| Four assumption associated w/catastrophic thinking |
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Definition
| 1)love must come from everyone 2) everyone should treat me good and fair 3) inability to accept anything less the perfection 4) things should always go my way |
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| • Positive Reinterpretation |
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| "things could be worse" or "benefit finding" |
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| Problem-focused constructive coping=systematic probelm solving |
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| Find prob/get alts/eval alts and choose 1/execute with flexibility; Time ; STAR time managemnt,seek help |
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| 1) motive and organize action 2) communicate to and influence others 3) communicate to self |
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| Consists of the ability to percieve an express emotion, assimilate emotion in thought, understand and reason with emotion, regulate emotions |
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| Benson' relaxation response 4 things |
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Definition
| 1) quiet enviroment 2) mental device or focal point 3) passive attitude 4) comfty position |
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| Marsha Linehan’s Techniques for Emotion Regulation |
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Definition
| 1) understand emotions 2) decrease sensitivity 3) decrease intensity 4) opposite action in bad emotions |
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| 4 ways to deal with extreme emotions |
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Definition
| 1) change body chemistry (temperature, relaxations, exercise) 2) distract from event 3) self-sooth 5 senses 4) improve moment (prayer, imagery, benefit finding) |
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| Three aspects of behavrios modification |
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Definition
| 1) specify target behavior 2) gather baseline data 3) design program |
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