Term
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Definition
Visual
Auditory
Gustatory (taste)
Olfactory (smell)
Somato-sensory (touch, temperature, pain)
Vestibular system (balance) |
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Term
| List parts of the spinal column |
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Definition
| Cervical 8, Thoracic 12, Lumbar 5, Sacrum 5, Coccyx 1 |
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Term
| What lobe controls hearing? |
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Definition
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Term
| What lobe controls taste? |
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Definition
| Inside temporal lobe (insula) |
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Term
| What lobe controls smell? |
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Definition
| Bottom frontal lobe (orbito-frontal lobe) |
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Term
| What lobe controls somatosensation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Frontal lobe is located in front of the central sulcus and is concerned with: |
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Definition
| Reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, problem solving |
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Term
| What are the functions of the cerebellum? |
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Definition
| Movement, balance, posture |
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Term
| Brain communicates info in what forms? |
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Definition
| Electrical and chemical signals from nerve cell to nerve cell |
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Term
| Receptors of sensory systems convert info from environment into what type of signals? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Process whereby environmental energy is converted into electrical energy by sensory apparatus; also note that messages from environment are coded in electrical signals |
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Term
| What carries info from the sensory apparatus to the brain |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells usually spike or fire; what is meant by spiking? |
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Definition
| Cell produces an electrical or nerve impulse that travels rapidly along the fiber of the cell |
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Term
| Four important components of a nerve cell: |
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Definition
| Dendrites, cell body (soma), axon, terminal |
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Term
| T/F: a membrane covers all parts of the cell and separates fluid inside the cell form fluid outside the cell |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the RECEIVING end of the cell, they receive input from the terminal of a previous cell in line (this can be the terminal of a receptor or another nerve cell); |
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Term
| What transmits the output of the cell |
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Definition
| The axon and the terminal |
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Term
| Before "activity' arrives to a cell, the cell is considered to be |
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Definition
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Term
| How many nerve cells are there |
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Definition
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Term
| What is quiet activity in a cell? |
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Definition
| Activity of ions passing back and forth through the cell membrane |
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Term
| Sodium ions in the fluid outside the cell is far greater than sodium ions inside the cell |
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Definition
| Potassium ions in he fluid outside the cell is smaller than potassium ions inside the cell |
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Term
| Chloride ions in fluid outside cell is equal to inside cell |
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Definition
| The point is that chloride ions do no contribute to charge across cell membrane for our purposes |
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Term
| The inside of the cell has what charge with respect to outside |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: The membrane of a nerve cell fully insulates the inside of the cell in perfect manner from the outside |
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Definition
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Term
| If a membrane is semi-permeable, then... |
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Definition
| the membrane allows certain ions to go through its pores (or channels) |
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Term
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Definition
Potassium ions flow through membrane, outward.
Membrane is impermeable to Sodium ions
BUT, some sodium ions enter the cell because the membrane tends to leak; sodium ions are "pulled" into cell because there are few sodium ions in the inside of the cell
If more and more sodium ions leak into cell, the cell becomes more positive
As a result, -70 mV charge would become smaller and nerve cell would eventually lose its charge |
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Term
| Describe the sodium-potassium pump |
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Definition
One arm of the pump grabs sodium ions that leaked into the cell and throws them out
the other arm grabs potassium ions and throws them back in |
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Term
| What is the ratio of sodium ions being thrown out to potassium ions being brought back in |
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Definition
| 3 sodium ions : 2 potassium ions |
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Term
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Definition
Membrane becomes permeable to sodium ions
Na enters cell faster than pump can throw them out
Current of ions flows from dendries across cell body toward the axon
Positive charge increases on inside of the cell
If positive charge is enough, cell will fire
When cell reaches potential of -40 mV, all Na pores open up
Na rushes into the axon through pores |
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Term
| At the junction of the cell body and the axon there is a region called the |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the action potential |
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Definition
| the fast traveling current along the axon |
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Term
| Define the all or none principle |
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Definition
| A cell fires or it does not fire; no such thing as a half action potential |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the myelin sheaths |
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Definition
| insulates the axon from the outside fluids |
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Term
| Describe saltatory conduction |
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Definition
| When current is forced to jump from one naked portion of the axon to the next, developing great speed |
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Term
| What occurs when a current arrives at the terminal |
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Definition
| Vesicles move toward the membrane |
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Term
| What are vesicles? What do they do? What do their contents do? |
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Definition
| Little balls in the terminal filled with a chemical substance (neurotransmitter); they fuse with membrane, open up and spill their conten in space between the terminal and the dendrites of the next cell in line; the neurotransmitters drop in the extracellular fluid and diffuses to he membrane of dendirtes or cell body, where sodium ion channels open, and the whole process is repeated, where the membrane becomes permeable to sodium ions so it can get a positive charge and fire |
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Term
| T/F: Messages in nervous system are not electrical but chemical as well |
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Definition
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Term
| After action potential occurs in a cell, what does it do to recover from sudden burst of activity |
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Definition
| Sodium potassium pump increases its activity, removing Na and bringing in K |
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Term
| The time that a cell needs to recover from activity is called |
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Definition
| refractory period; lasts 0.5 - 1 ms |
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Term
| How many times can a cell fire per second |
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Definition
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Term
| The firing rate of a cell is low when stimulus of outside world is weak; firing rate increases as stimulus gets more intense. this is known as |
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Definition
| Frequency coding principle |
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Term
| Where do nerve cells communicate |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
pre synaptic membrane (of the axon terminal)
post synaptic membrane (of he receiving dendrite)
and the synaptic cleft |
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Term
| Where are neurotransmitters synthesized or "manufactured" |
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Definition
| at the terminal of the neuron |
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Term
| What are some examples of neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| gaba, clycine, glutamate, dopamine, nrepinephrine, seroonin, acetylcholine |
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Term
| What are some neuro-peptides |
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Definition
| substance P, endogenous opids, cannbinoids |
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Term
| T/F: Each neurotransmitter exerts specific action on a class or subclass of receptors (located on the membrane of dendrites |
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Definition
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Term
| Receptors cause ion channels to open or close when activated by neurotransmitters, so... |
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Definition
in some cases, Na ions enter dendrite
or K ions leave the cell
or Cl ions leave or enter |
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Term
| What are the major 2 ways in which action of neurotransmitter on receptor is terminated |
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Definition
1. an enzyme present in synaptic cleft destroys neurotransmitter molecule
2. special transporter molecule ships the neurotransmitter back into pre-synaptic terminal, this is called "re-uptake" |
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Term
| What is the agonist of a neurotransmitter |
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Definition
| a drug designed to act in the same manner as a certain neurotransmitter |
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Term
| What is the antagonist of a neurotransmitter |
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Definition
| drug designed to block (occupy) a particular receptor which prevents the natural neurotransmitter from exerting any effect |
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Term
| What are 2 ways to extend action of a neurotransmitter |
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Definition
1. make drug that disables transporter molecule, thus re-uptake process is interfered with
2. make a drug that attacks enzyme that destroys the neurotransmitter in synpatic cleft |
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Term
| What are means of studying brain function and organization |
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Definition
| single cell recordings, histology, histochemistry, light and electron microscopy |
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Term
| What are some means of studying brain and behavior |
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Definition
imaging techniques, (PET scan, CAT scan, EEG, fMRI)
ablation techniques
genetic engineering
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