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Pysch Exam 2
Brain Terminology
55
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/16/2011

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Cards

Term
List sensory systems
Definition
Visual
Auditory
Gustatory (taste)
Olfactory (smell)
Somato-sensory (touch, temperature, pain)
Vestibular system (balance)
Term
List parts of the spinal column
Definition
Cervical 8, Thoracic 12, Lumbar 5, Sacrum 5, Coccyx 1
Term
What lobe controls hearing?
Definition
Temporal lobe
Term
What lobe controls taste?
Definition
Inside temporal lobe (insula)
Term
What lobe controls smell?
Definition
Bottom frontal lobe (orbito-frontal lobe)
Term
What lobe controls somatosensation?
Definition
Parietal lobe
Term
Frontal lobe is located in front of the central sulcus and is concerned with:
Definition
Reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, problem solving
Term
What are the functions of the cerebellum?
Definition
Movement, balance, posture
Term
Brain communicates info in what forms?
Definition
Electrical and chemical signals from nerve cell to nerve cell
Term
Receptors of sensory systems convert info from environment into what type of signals?
Definition
Electrical
Term
Define transduction
Definition
Process whereby environmental energy is converted into electrical energy by sensory apparatus; also note that messages from environment are coded in electrical signals
Term
What carries info from the sensory apparatus to the brain
Definition
Nerve cells
Term
Cells usually spike or fire; what is meant by spiking?
Definition
Cell produces an electrical or nerve impulse that travels rapidly along the fiber of the cell
Term
Four important components of a nerve cell:
Definition
Dendrites, cell body (soma), axon, terminal
Term
T/F: a membrane covers all parts of the cell and separates fluid inside the cell form fluid outside the cell
Definition
True
Term
Define dendrites
Definition
the RECEIVING end of the cell, they receive input from the terminal of a previous cell in line (this can be the terminal of a receptor or another nerve cell);
Term
What transmits the output of the cell
Definition
The axon and the terminal
Term
Before "activity' arrives to a cell, the cell is considered to be
Definition
"at rest"
Term
How many nerve cells are there
Definition
About a 100 billion
Term
What is quiet activity in a cell?
Definition
Activity of ions passing back and forth through the cell membrane
Term
Sodium ions in the fluid outside the cell is far greater than sodium ions inside the cell
Definition
Potassium ions in he fluid outside the cell is smaller than potassium ions inside the cell
Term
Chloride ions in fluid outside cell is equal to inside cell
Definition
The point is that chloride ions do no contribute to charge across cell membrane for our purposes
Term
The inside of the cell has what charge with respect to outside
Definition
about -70mV
Term
T/F: The membrane of a nerve cell fully insulates the inside of the cell in perfect manner from the outside
Definition
False motherfucker
Term
If a membrane is semi-permeable, then...
Definition
the membrane allows certain ions to go through its pores (or channels)
Term
Describe a cell at rest
Definition

Potassium ions flow through membrane, outward.

 

Membrane is impermeable to Sodium ions

 

BUT, some sodium ions enter the cell because the membrane tends to leak; sodium ions are "pulled" into cell because there are few sodium ions in the inside of the cell

 

If more and more sodium ions leak into cell, the cell becomes more positive

 

As a result, -70 mV charge would become smaller and nerve cell would eventually lose its charge

Term
Describe the sodium-potassium pump
Definition

One arm of the pump grabs sodium ions that leaked into the cell and throws them out

 

the other arm grabs potassium ions and throws them back in

Term
What is the ratio of sodium ions being thrown out to potassium ions being brought back in
Definition
3 sodium ions : 2 potassium ions
Term
Describe cell in action
Definition

Membrane becomes permeable to sodium ions

Na enters cell faster than pump can throw them out

Current of ions flows from dendries across cell body toward the axon

Positive charge increases on inside of the cell

If positive charge is enough, cell will fire

 When cell reaches potential of -40 mV, all Na pores open up

Na rushes into the axon through pores

Term
At the junction of the cell body and the axon there is a region called the
Definition
axon hillock
Term
What is the action potential
Definition
the fast traveling current along the axon
Term
Define the all or none principle
Definition
A cell fires or it does not fire; no such thing as a half action potential
Term
What is the purpose of the myelin sheaths
Definition
insulates the axon from the outside fluids
Term
Describe saltatory conduction
Definition
When current is forced to jump from one naked portion of the axon to the next, developing great speed
Term
What occurs when a current arrives at the terminal
Definition
Vesicles move toward the membrane
Term
What are vesicles? What do they do? What do their contents do?
Definition
Little balls in the terminal filled with a chemical substance (neurotransmitter); they fuse with membrane, open up and spill their conten in space between the terminal and the dendrites of the next cell in line; the neurotransmitters drop in the extracellular fluid and diffuses to he membrane of dendirtes or cell body, where sodium ion channels open, and the whole process is repeated, where the membrane becomes permeable to sodium ions so it can get a positive charge and fire
Term
T/F: Messages in nervous system are not electrical but chemical as well
Definition
True bitch
Term
After action potential occurs in a cell, what does it do to recover from sudden burst of activity
Definition
Sodium potassium pump increases its activity, removing Na and bringing in K
Term
The time that a cell needs to recover from activity is called
Definition
refractory period; lasts 0.5 - 1 ms
Term
How many times can a cell fire per second
Definition
500-1000 times
Term
The firing rate of a cell is low when stimulus of outside world is weak; firing rate increases as stimulus gets more intense. this is known as
Definition
Frequency coding principle
Term
Where do nerve cells communicate
Definition
at the synapse
Term
a synapse consists of
Definition

pre synaptic membrane (of the axon terminal)

post synaptic membrane (of he receiving dendrite)

and the synaptic cleft

Term
Where are neurotransmitters synthesized or "manufactured"
Definition
at the terminal of the neuron
Term
What are some examples of neurotransmitters
Definition
gaba, clycine, glutamate, dopamine, nrepinephrine, seroonin, acetylcholine
Term
What are some neuro-peptides
Definition
substance P, endogenous opids, cannbinoids
Term
T/F: Each neurotransmitter exerts specific action on a class or subclass of receptors (located on the membrane of dendrites
Definition
True lol
Term
Receptors cause ion channels to open or close when activated by neurotransmitters, so...
Definition

in some cases, Na ions enter dendrite

or K ions leave the cell

or Cl ions leave or enter

Term
What are the major 2 ways in which action of neurotransmitter on receptor is terminated
Definition

1. an enzyme present in synaptic cleft destroys neurotransmitter molecule

2. special transporter molecule ships the neurotransmitter back into pre-synaptic terminal, this is called "re-uptake"

Term
What is the agonist of a neurotransmitter
Definition
a drug designed to act in the same manner as a certain neurotransmitter
Term
What is the antagonist of a neurotransmitter
Definition
drug designed to block (occupy) a particular receptor which prevents the natural neurotransmitter from exerting any effect
Term
What are 2 ways to extend action of a neurotransmitter
Definition

1. make drug that disables transporter molecule, thus re-uptake process is interfered with

 

2. make a drug that attacks enzyme that destroys the neurotransmitter in synpatic cleft

Term
What are means of studying brain function and organization
Definition
single cell recordings, histology, histochemistry, light and electron microscopy
Term
What are some means of studying brain and behavior
Definition

imaging techniques, (PET scan, CAT scan, EEG, fMRI)

ablation techniques

genetic engineering

 

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