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| involves body's physical makeup, including the brain, nervous system, muscles, senses and need for food, drink and sleep |
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| Seeking to understand how growth and change in intellectual capacity influences behavior |
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| Study of stability and change in the enduring characteristics that differentiate one from another |
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| Way in which individual's interactions with one another and social relationships grow, change and stabilize over time |
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| Shared notion of reality that is widely accepted, but is a function of society and culture at a given time |
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| Specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences. Need the stimuli to develop properly. |
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| Time where one is susceptible to a kind of stimuli and presents optimal period for capabilities to emerge |
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| A group of people born around the same time in the same place |
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| History Graded influences |
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| Biological and environmental influences associated with a particular historical moment |
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| Biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless when or where they are raised |
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| Sociocultural Graded influence |
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| social and cultural factors presented at a particular time for a particular individual |
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| specific atypical event that occurs in a person's life at a time when such events do not happen to most people (traumatic event) |
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| psychodynamic perspective |
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| approach stating that behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories and conflicts that are generally beyond people's awareness and control |
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| proposed by Freud. Suggest unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior |
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| oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital. Each stage is associated with gratification from a particular body part |
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| encompasses change in our interactions with and understandings of one another as well as in out knowledge and understanding of ourselves as members of society |
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| Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development |
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trust v. mistrust (birth- 1 yr)
autonomy v. shame/guilt (1 yr-3 yr)
initiative v. guilt (3yr- 6 yr)
industry v. inferiority (6 yr-adolescence)
identity v. role diffusion (adolescence-adulthood)
intimacy v. isolation (early adulthood)
generativity v. stagnation (middle adulthood)
ego-integrity v. despair (late adulthood) |
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| Skinner. Suggests keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment |
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| type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does bring about that type of respone. Watson. |
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| form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by association with positive or negative consequences |
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| formal technique for increasing desired behavior and decreasing unwanted behavior |
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| social cognitive learning theory |
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| emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person called a model. Bandura. |
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| focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand and think about the world |
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| Suggest that growth in childrens understanding of the world can be explained by the two basic principles of assimilation and accommodation |
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| refers to changes in existing ways of thinking to response to encounters with new stimuli and events |
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| use current ways of thinking to perceive and understand an new experience |
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| information processing approaches |
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| models that seek to identify the ways individuals take in, use and store information |
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| cognitive neuroscience approaches |
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| examines cognitive development through the lens of brain processes |
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| considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality and social worlds |
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| perspective suggesting that different levels of the environment simultaneously influences individuals |
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| process of posing and answering questions using careful, controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data |
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| prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested |
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| seeks to identify whether an association or relationship between two factors |
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| designed to discover causal relationships between various factors |
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| type of correlational study in which some naturally occuring behavior is observed without intervention in the situation |
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| involve extensive in depth interviews with a particular individual or small group of individuals |
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| psychophysiological method |
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| research that focuses on the relationship between physiological processes and behavior |
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| devises two experiences for participants and then studies and compares the outcomes |
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| research in which researchers examine a number of different age groups over several points in time |
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| new cell formed by fertilization |
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| basic units of genetic information |
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| substance genes are composed of that determines the nature of every cell in the body and how it will function |
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| rod shaped portions of DNA organized in 23 pairs |
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| What influences multiple births? |
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| replication of cells containing the same 46 chromosomes as the zygote |
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| replication of sex cells, receives one ot the two chromosomes that make up each of the 23 pairs |
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| underlying combination of genetic material present (but not outwardly visible) in an organism |
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| observable trait, can actually be seen |
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| inheriting from parents similar genes for a given trait |
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| inheriting from parents different forms of a gene for a given trait |
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| inheritance in which a combination of multiple genes pairs is responsible for the production of a particular trait |
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| considered recessive and located only on the x chromosome |
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| the study of the effects of heredity on behavior and psychological charachteristics |
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| disorder produced by extra chromosome on the 21st pair (monoglism) |
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| disorder produced by injury to a gene on the x chromosome, producing mild to moderate retardation |
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| disorder that produced blindness and muscle degeneration prior to death, no treatment |
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| disorder resulting from the presence of an extra x chromosome that produced under developed genitals extreme height and enlarged breasts |
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| process in which high frequency waves scan the mother's womb to produce an image of the body whose size and shape can be assessed |
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| chorionic villus sampling |
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| test used to find genetic defects that involves taking samples of the hair like material that surrounds the embryo |
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| process of identifying genetic defects by examining a small sample of fetal cells drawn by a needle inserted into the amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn fetus |
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| multifactoral transmission |
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| determination of traits by a combination of both genetic and environmental factors in which a genotype provides a range within which a phenotype may be expressed |
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| first and shortest state of the prenatal period, takes place after first two weeks of conception |
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| conduit between the mother and fetus providing nourishment and oxygen via the umblilical cord |
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| 2-8 week period in which significant growth occurs in the major organs and body systems |
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| begins at about 8 weeks after conception and continues until birth |
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| developing child, 8 weeks until birth |
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| environmental agent that produces a birth defect |
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| disorder that causes mental retardation and delayed grouth of the child |
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| miscarrige and infant death risk. 50% more likely to suffer retardation |
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| false labor. contractions |
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| released from mother's pituitary gland and begins periodic contractions |
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| corticotropin releasing hormone |
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| protein that triggers release of various hormones |
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| 30 sec contractions, 2-8 minutes apart. , goes to full intensity: known as transition |
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| about 90 minutes, birthing the kid, ends when kid is out |
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| placenta and umbilical cord are expelled |
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| appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, reflex |
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| deprivation of oxygen at birth, can cause mental retardation |
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| greasy substance covering the child |
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| fine dark fuzz covering the child |
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| childbirth attendant who stays with mother throughout labor and delivery |
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| offers psychological and emotional support, no medical |
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| 2500 grams or 5 1/2 pounds |
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| small for gestational age |
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| weigh 90% of less of average weight of infants of the same gestational age |
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| 1,250 grams, 2.25 pounds, in womb less than 30 weeks |
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| still unborn 2 weeks after due date |
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| decrease in response to a repeated stimulus |
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| Humans have __________ genes |
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| ________% of genes have unknown function |
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| Average gene contains _______ babes |
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| kids focus on aspects of the environment that are congruent with their genetic abilities |
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| passive genotype environment affects |
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| parents genes are associated with environment |
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| ______% of US women have their babies in a health care facility and _________ have a healthcare worker compared to ______% worldwide |
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| _____% of babies are born premature |
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| How many days after conception is a child born? |
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| ____% of moms suffer from postpardom despression |
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| ___ out of ___ moms receive inadequate prenatal care |
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| only ______% of women have their baby on their due date |
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| normal post birth hospital stay time |
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| how many disorders are newborns screened for |
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| _____% of babies are born too early |
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babies born at 22 weeks:
____% seriously disabled, _____% by age 6 will have learning disability |
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