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Pysch 1A 9,12,13
Pysch 1A
91
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
07/22/2013

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Term
psychoactive drug
Definition
A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood.
Term
Cannon-Bard theory
Definition
The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.
Term
DSM-IV-TR
Definition
The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.
Term
Ecstacy (MDMA)
Definition
A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.
Term
James-Lange theory
Definition
The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.
Term
LSD
Definition
A powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid.
Term
THC
Definition
The major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.
Term
active listening
Definition
Empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.
Term
adaptation-level phenomenon
Definition
Our tendency to form judgements (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a natural level defined by our past experiences.
Term
addiction
Definition
Compulsive drug craving and use.
Term
alcohol dependence
Definition
Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal if suspended, and a drive to continue use.
Term
amphetamines
Definition
Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.
Term
anorexia nervosa
Definition
An eating disorder in which a person maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight.
Term
antianxiety drugs
Definition
Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation.
Term
antidepressant drugs
Definition
Drugs used to treat depression and some anxiety disorders. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters.
Term
antipsychotic drugs
Definition
Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe disorders.
Term
antisocial personality disorder
Definition
A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.
Term
anxiety disorders
Definition
Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.
Term
aversive conditioning
Definition
A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior.
Term
barbiturates
Definition
Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement.
Term
basal metabolic rate
Definition
The body's resting rate of energy output.
Term
behavior therapy
Definition
Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.
Term
binge-eating disorder
Definition
Significant binge eating, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa.
Term
biomedical therapy
Definition
Prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology.
Term
bipolar disorder
Definition
A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.
Term
bulimia nervosa
Definition
An eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating with purging (by vomiting or laxative use), fasting, or excessive exercise.
Term
catharsis
Definition
Emotional release. The catharsis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.
Term
client-centered therapy
Definition
A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening with a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to promote clients' growth.
Term
cognitive therapy
Definition
Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and out emotional reactions.
Term
cognitive-behavioral therapy
Definition
A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy.
Term
counterconditioning
Definition
A behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.
Term
delusions
Definition
False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany schizophrenia and other disorders.
Term
depressants
Definition
Drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.
Term
dissociative disorders
Definition
Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separates from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.
Term
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
Definition
A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities.
Term
drive
Definition
An aroused, motivated state often created when the body is deprived of some substance it needs.
Term
drive-reduction theory
Definition
The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates us to satisfy the need.
Term
eclectic approach
Definition
An approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy.
Term
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Definition
A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.
Term
emotion
Definition
A response of the whole organism, involving (1) bodily arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.
Term
exposure therapies
Definition
Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid.
Term
facial feedback effect
Definition
The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness.
Term
family therapy
Definition
Therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members.
Term
feel-good, do-good phenomenon
Definition
Our tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood.
Term
generalized anxiety disorder
Definition
An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, fearful, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.
Term
glucose
Definition
The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.
Term
hallucinogens
Definition
Psychedelic drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.
Term
hierarchy of needs
Definition
Maslow's pyramid of human needs; at the base are physiological needs. These basic needs must be satisfied before higher-level safety needs, and then psychological needs, become active.
Term
incentive
Definition
A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.
Term
interpretation
Definition
In psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.
Term
lobotomy
Definition
A psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling center of the inner brain.
Term
major depressive disorder
Definition
A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence or drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.
Term
mania
Definition
A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.
Term
medical model
Definition
The concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.
Term
methamphetamine
Definition
A powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels.
Term
mood disorders
Definition
Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.
Term
motivation
Definition
A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
Term
near-death experience
Definition
An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death; often similar to drug-induced hallucinations.
Term
nicotine
Definition
A stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco.
Term
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Definition
An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions.
Term
opiates
Definition
Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.
Term
panic disorder
Definition
An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.
Term
personality disorders
Definition
Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.
Term
phobia
Definition
An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation.
Term
physical dependence
Definition
A physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.
Term
physiological need
Definition
A basic bodily requirement.
Term
polygraph
Definition
A machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures some bodily responses (such as changes in perspiration, heart rate, and breathing) accompanying emotion.
Term
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Definition
An anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia lingering for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.
Term
psychoanalysis
Definition
Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed that the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences- and the therapist's interpretations of them- released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.
Term
psychodynamic therapy
Definition
A Freud-influence perspective that sees behavior, thinking, and emotions in terms of unconscious motives.
Term
psychological dependence
Definition
A psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotion.
Term
psychological disorder
Definition
Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.
Term
psychosurgery
Definition
Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior.
Term
psychotherapy
Definition
Treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.
Term
relative deprivation
Definition
The perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves.
Term
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
Definition
The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity.
Term
resilience
Definition
The personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma.
Term
resistance
Definition
In psychoanalysis, the clocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.
Term
schizophrenia
Definition
A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions.
Term
set point
Definition
The point at which your "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight.
Term
stimulants
Definition
Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.
Term
subjective well-being
Definition
Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate our quality of life.
Term
substance-related disorders
Definition
A maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress.
Term
systematic desensitization
Definition
A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing, anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.
Term
token economy
Definition
An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for privileges or treats.
Term
tolerance
Definition
The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect.
Term
transference
Definition
In psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships.
Term
two-factor theory
Definition
Schachter and Singer's theory that to experience emotion we must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.
Term
unconditional positive regard
Definition
A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.
Term
virtual reality exposure therapy
Definition
An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking.
Term
withdrawal
Definition
The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug.
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